Introduction and main role of plastic processing aid

plastic processing aid is a substance play a supporting role, generally have a filter aid, clarification, adsorption, lubrication, stripping, bleaching, peeling, solvent extraction, fermentation with nutrients like. Some for food, some used in manufacturing, and so on. PVC Processing aid  a very special thermoplastic resin processing its pure decomposition, poor mobility, low impact strength, poor weather, and therefore need to add all kinds of supplementary material in the process to improve its performance. plastic processing aid according to the different Processing aid  weight, there are different functions. The main role of plastic processing aid are: to accelerate the process of PVC plastics; improve the rheological properties of the thermoplastic melt; improve the mechanical properties of the melt under the heat elastic state; despite add less plastic processing aid, but to improve the processing performance but PVC is very important. Pure PVC impact due to poor performance, particularly low-temperature impact performance is poor, poor weather, the application is limited in many areas. Therefore, the need to improve the impact modifier added to its toughness and weatherability.

Ideal for PVC heat WSD plastic processing aidstabilizers should be a versatile substance

Ideal for PVC heat stabilizers should be a versatile substance , or a mixture of some of the material, they are able to perform the following functions : First, replacement lively, unstable substituents ; second is to absorb and neutralize the release of PVC processing HCL, eliminating plastic additive autocatalytic degradation of HCL ; Third neutralize or inactivate catalytic degradation of metal ions and other harmful impurities ; Fourth, through various forms of chemical reactions can be blocked unsaturated bond continues to grow , inhibiting degradation coloring ; five is the best shield against ultraviolet protective effect . Generally, heat stabilizers according to their performance with the use of special , very little is used alone , but most of the species in a powder form , some of which are highly toxic chemicals. For ease of use , to prevent dust poisoning, reduce toxic substances or substitute non-toxic substances, at home and abroad in recent years developed a wide variety PVC plasticizerof composite stabilizer , for example , the world famous German brand composite stabilizer Bear series , the United States , Germany, Japan , Netherlands and other countries , or organotin compound organotin stabilizers have a considerable market in China . Therefore , the development of China's efforts to promote the use of high efficiency, low cost , no dust pollution and toxic or low toxicity of new composite stabilizer is an urgent need for the development of China's plastics industry .

plastic processing aid to promote the rapid development of other products

Reportedly showed that a plasticizer having a low viscosity compared to

traditional, conventional defects can be eliminated to improve the

efficiency of the production process and also WSD Chrolinated polyethylene  as a heat stabilizer and a

stabilizer formulation to reduce demand.
Other PVC additives company also announced this year, and some claim that

"green" (or at least the plant). By chemical modification of soybean oil-

based wax. The company claims that when the injection molding, its

performance is superior to the fatty acid-based lubricant, stronger

liquidity and dimensional stability. When used in the manufacture of rigid

PVC is particularly suitable, especially cadmium or zinc extrusion steady

stable PVC or tin.
Nevertheless, the additive has been selected several plants are relatively

common, although sometimes people living in common plants, such as

rapeseed, it is not a household name. High erucic acid rapeseed oil as raw

material, from growers in northern Europe. As  WSD PVC plasticizer a lubricant additive or

discharge, slip, or for the polyvinyl chloride, polyolefins and other

polymers, anti-blocking agent.
Today, the majority of the additive may be regarded as new tools to create

new products and performance, rather than heat and light in order to

accelerate the process or to keep the polymer. Like a toolbox, which is

rich tools also make it with the diversity of the capabilities to produce

extraordinary role and significance in the use of different combinations.
Green bioplastics widely respected in recent years, major companies are

actively developing new green materials. By changing the development of

novel plastic additive dispersed in the molecular structure, improve or

reduce the cost of the chemical nature of the  WSD chromium oxide substance. The additives to

improve the processability of PVC material, physical, chemical and other

functions, the substrate to increase the physical and chemical properties.

It is because of these companies continue to actively innovation, the PVC

industry to breathe new life.

some of the main principles of the processing aid for processing

1, the role of the principle of PVC processing aids melt due to poor scalability, easily lead to melt broken; PVC melt relaxation slow, easily lead to the product surface rough, dull and shark skin and so on. Therefore, processing often requires the addition of PVC processing aids to improve the melt processing aids described above is the lack of processing performance can be improved resin additives, and its main role in three ways: to promote the molten resin to improve the rheological properties of the melt lubrication and promote the molten resin to give: PVC resin in the WSD PVC flame retardant  heated state, when the shear force under certain melt processing modifier first melted and adhered to the surface of the PVC resin particles, its compatibility with the resin and Its molecular weight, the viscosity of PVC and increasing the friction, and thus the shear stress and the effective heat transfer to the PVC resin, melt rheology improving the acceleration performance of the molten PVC: PVC has a melt strength is poor, poor ductility, and melt fracture shortcomings, and to improve the melt processing of said modifier rheology. Its mechanism of action: Increase the PVC melt viscoelasticity, thus improving the die swell and melt strength gives improved lubricity: PVC processing modifier is compatible with the first portion of the melt, plays the role of promoting the melt; but not with PVC Compatible part WSD Polyethylene wax  migrate to the outside of the molten resin system, thereby improving the releasability of the copolymer 2, a conventional processing modifier ACR ACR methyl methacrylate and acrylate, and styrene monomers. In addition to be used as a processing aid, it can also be used as impact modifiers. PVC plastic window profiles or generally used ACR201 ACR401, in an amount of 1.5-3 parts of a modified impact modifier polymer content is important to improve the impact resistance, PVC resin is a non-polar high crystallinity there is a strong interaction between the oligomer molecule, is a hard and brittle material; low impact strength. After the addition of impact modifiers, elastomeric impact modifier particles can be raised to reduce the total stress crazing and  WSD zinc stearate its particle deformation and shear band and prevent crazing expansion and growth, absorb the impact of the transmission of the body material able to achieve the purpose of impact. Small particle modifier to facilitate increasing the number of unit weight or unit volume of a modifier to increase the effective volume fraction, thereby enhancing the ability of stress dispersion. Currently used widely for organic impact modifier.

There are many kinds of plastic processing aid methods

About plastic extrusion, injection molding, blow molding, rotational molding, casting, dip and other plastic molding process, depending on the specific choice of materials and products, the advantages and disadvantages of hard to say.
  Here I am with PE plastic processing methods simply lower, PE available a wide manufacturing different processing method. As the main raw material ethylene, propylene, 1 - butene, hexene copolymer, under the action of a catalyst, using a slurry polymerization or gas phase polymerization process, the polymer obtained by flash separation, drying, granulation, etc. processes, was
Uniform particles have finished. Including such sheet extrusion, film extrusion, pipe or profile extrusion, blow WSD Plastic impact modifier  molding, injection molding and rotational molding. Extrusion: grade for extrusion production generally has a melt index of less than 1 and the width to wide MWD. In the process, the availability of suitable MI low melt strength. Broader MWD is more suitable for extrusion grades, because they have a higher production speed, lower the die pressure and melt fracture reduction trend. There are many PE extrusion applications, such as wires, cables, hoses, tubes and profiles. Pipes for natural gas applications ranging from a small section of yellow tube to 48in diameter thick-walled clarinet for industrial and municipal pipes. Alternative to large diameter hollow wall  WSD zinc stearate made of concrete pipe used as rainwater drains and other sewer pipelines rapidly.
Sheet and thermoforming: Many large picnic-type freezer thermoforming lining is made of PE, with toughness, light weight and durability. Other sheet and thermoformed products include fenders, tank linings, disc bowl guard, transport boxes and cans. The rapid growth of a mass-sheet applications are mulch or bottom in the village, which is based MDPE with toughness, chemical resistance and impermeability. Blow: These range from equipment bleach, oil, detergent, milk and a bottle of distilled water into WSD PVC stabilizer  a large refrigerator, car fuel tank and the canister. Blow molding grade characteristic indicators, such as melt strength, ES-CR and toughness, and the sheet for thermoforming applications level
Similar, it can be used with similar grade.

Environmental plasticizer selection and performance and characteristics

Environmental plasticizer selection:
Different design requirements of PVC products use different nature plasticized system, and the ideal plasticizer should meet the following requirements. 1, high plasticizing effect, good compatibility, low volatility.
2, migration resistance is small, with time shift delay products, or other materials do not migrate to the surface of the contact.
3, and good resistance to extraction, contact with products like oil or aqueous solvent, a plasticizer does not spread to occur.
4, good low temperature performance, low temperature without losing its products in flexibility. 5, good insulation properties. 6, good mechanical properties 7, odorless, colorless, non-toxic 8, good flame retardant properties. 9, anti-fungal properties. 10, low WSD Metallic stearate  prices. Plasticizing effect really Maoyou, plastic corporate trust products. A, name: chloromethoxy fatty acid ester. Second, the formula: C20H37CI3, a molecular weight of 463 Third, technical indicators 1, Appearance: pale yellow oily liquid. 2, density (20C) :1.155-1 .175 3, Flash Point: (open) ≥ 170 ℃ -195 ℃. 4, heating loss (125C ± 1C.3h)% ≤ 0.4. Fourth, the performance and characteristics of the product is the company under the guidance of experts, after years of painstaking research the success of a new type of plasticizer, which is made from natural oils and alcohol transesterification reaction, then the reaction of a class of chlorinated has a high molecular weight, good compatibility with PVC, excellent WSD Aluminum hydroxide  plasticizing effect, fire resistant, non-toxic, environmentally friendly compound plasticizers. Since both the product ester structure, octyl dimethyl substitution o stupid butyrate as a plasticizer, while containing chlorine can be replaced by paraffin, improve flame retardancy and electrical insulation.
Fifth, products and applications: Environmental plasticizer compatibility with PVC resin than DOP, DOA, DBP, and can be widely used in environmental protection pvc products, such as leather, PVC cable, plastic film, plastic sandals, foam sandals, doors and windows  WSD Stabilizers for pipe and window seals, PVC profiles, soft board, all kinds of soft, hard pipe, decorative materials, rigid foam board and all use of plasticizer products, has a wide range of uses, and ultimately to achieve lower production costs purposes.

The main difference between the two points of stearic acid and calcium stearate

Stearic acid are calcium stearate are salts. Salt meanings:
Refers to a salt of a metal ion or an ammonium ion (+ NH4) ion or a compound with a combination of non-metallic ions . Such as sodium chloride , calcium nitrate , ferrous sulfate, ammonium acetate and the like , such as calcium sulfate , copper chloride , sodium acetate , the salt is generally in the metathesis reaction product , such as sodium sulfate and sodium hydroxide , and water is generated , there are also other salts can be generated in the reaction , e.g., a substitution reaction . Solution of a soluble salt of a conductive , because the solution to be freely mobile ions , therefore can be used as an electrolyte. It would appear that calcium stearate containing metal ions on the calcium salt , literally you can see . Acid meaning:
The acid in solution chemistry is the ionization of hydrogen ions and cations can completely compound of purple red litmus test solution . In a narrow sense can be divided into inorganic acids, organic acids . Acid proton theory: acid is a substance capable of releasing a proton referred acids. Stearic acid is an organic acid , a certain acidity. Loss of hydrogen ions combine with calcium metal thing is calcium stearate . 1 , the appearance of nature
Stearic acid is a white or creamy -white powder or crystalline lumps, which has a cross-section of microstrip shiny fine needle crystals; similar grease micro odorless, tasteless. Calcium stearate is a white powder , insoluble in water , cold ethanol and ether, dissolved in hot benzene, turpentine , and other organic solvents. Slightly soluble in hot ethanol and ether. When heated to 400 ℃ slowly decomposed , flammable , met decomposition of stearic acid and corresponding calcium , hygroscopic . 2, use comparison: stearic acid cream and cream for skin care products from these two types of emulsion , so that it becomes a stable white paste. Stearic acid or manufacturing honey and almond milk the main raw material . Stearic acid esters in cosmetics, soap industry is more widely used. Calcium stearate heat stabilizers for PVC and other plastic processing lubricants , mold release agents and the like. In rigid products , and the base of lead salts , lead soap can increase the rate of gelation . Also used in food packaging, medical equipment and other requirements of non-toxic soft film and equipment. Can be made of polyethylene , polypropylene, halogen absorbers to eliminate the adverse effects of residual catalyst on the color and stability. As plasticizers in rubber processing , enabling natural rubber and synthetic rubber to soften the whole , and almost no effect on curing . Also used as polyolefin fibers and molded plastic lubricants , grease thickening agent, textile waterproofing agent, paint flatting agent , plasticizer manufacturing plastic labels and so on. Also used in pencil manufacturing and medicine, perfume industry .

All kinds of heat stabilizer heat discoloration Comment

Thermal stabilizers should preferably absorb both HCL, to eliminate the active site , the addition of a conjugated polyene chain , carbenium salt damage , etc. to prevent auto-oxidation , which does not produce the product of the catalytic degradation of PVC . The actual heat stabilizers have different functions due to exhibit different thermal stability characteristics , can be divided into early -type , long-term , intermediate -and versatile four . A ) cadmium , zinc soap is typical  Processing aid of early -type heat stabilizers , can quickly absorb HCL, and effectively substituted with carboxylate PVC unstable chlorine atom in the catalytic chain Cd, Zn , thereby effectively suppressing early degradation and coloring , but because of the consumption of fast and transformation products CdC12, ZnC12, but also off the HCL efficient catalyst PVC , PVC and thus lead to Chrolinated polyethylene  the degradation of the material suddenly vicious black , so poor long-term thermal stability. 2 ) barium, calcium soaps are typically long-term thermal stabilizers , absorption HCL function only and therefore can not inhibit coloring PVC , but the conversion product BaC12, CaC12 do not have catalytic activity , does not cause a sudden black PVC , long-term heat stability better. 3 ) fatty acids, organic tin are intermediate , both absorption HCL, can effectively replace with carboxylate unstable chlorine atoms PVC chain, and transformation products do not have catalytic activity.
 4 ) mercaptan organotin it Azodicarbonamide  has versatile features , while a variety of mechanisms can stabilize PVC, transformation products do not have catalytic activity , and therefore both excellent initial and long-term thermal stability effect.

types of plastic flame sense

Plastic inexhaustible extended use category while its volume increases and flammable and easily ignited a fever , brought to mankind unexpected danger and loss . Began as a flame retardant additive major categories beginning in chemical fiber, plastics industry projections . Brominated flame retardants despite heavy smoke , because of environmental problems by  Glycrin monostearate the EU restrictions ; But since retardant properties, and with less impact on product performance is small, quite a long time thereafter remain within the main flame . Tips progress along the international growth of brominated flame retardants new features is a continuous and progressive increase of bromine content (fèn) molecular weight . Most phosphorus flame retardants (dū) is a liquid , mainly used for PU, PVC and other plastics . Small molecule phosphorus flame retardant main problems are volatile , high heat resistance is not high , now is trying to develop a large molecular weight compounds and oligomers , special suitable for casting finished and soft PU foam guessed . Flame retardant and plasticizer , flame retardant and cross-linked multi- phosphorus flame retardant effect acrylic processing  of the growth is another major aspect is the low temperature flame-retardant plasticizer special probation plasticized PVC is mainly used in the finished product , such as domestic cumene produced two phosphate. Flame number which reflects the activity of the crosslinking agent is a phosphorus-containing polyhydric alcohols , not only as a reflection type flame retardant PU , and also with the brominated flame retardant and used epoxy resin , brominated flame retardant can be greatly reduced dosage . Since phosphorus flame retardant but also to the low toxicity of growth , not only to solve their toxic products , but also to consider the toxicity of the combustion product differentiation and waste pollution problem situations , or even appropriate, production, sales , storage and transportation process (dì) toxicity problems. Aluminum hydroxide usually with a silane coupling agent , titanate coupling agent and stearic acid ( salt ) , etc. before disposal , just started this titanium dioxide  country , foreign countries have been further carried out before the new special effect modifier of aluminum hydroxide open up. Solem new technology company with a silane disposal and disposal of organic silicone coated aluminum hydroxide , in the PP, PE is added to 70% volume of 60 processing still very good , and the physical properties and flame retardancy of progress.
Inorganic synergist new varieties. A small amount of aluminum hydroxide flame retardant synergist can fill data function has obvious improvements , such as restraint dripping , improved mechanical properties . And aluminum hydroxide can play a synergistic role in a wide scope of an inorganic flame retardant synergist , mainly metal oxides and zinc borate , phosphorus-based compound ( red phosphorus , phosphate) , a silicon -based compound, a metal nitrate ( copper nitrate , silver nitrate ) , ammonium polyphosphate , etc. .

calcium stearate simple narrative

Heat stabilizers for PVC and a variety of plastics processing lubricant , release agent . In rigid products , and  tribasic lead sulphate the base of lead salts , lead soap can increase the gelation speed. Also used in food packaging, medical equipment and other requirements nontoxic soft film and equipment. Can be made of polyethylene , polypropylene, halogen absorbent to remove the residual catalyst on the adverse effects of color and stability . As a plasticizer in rubber processing , make the whole into a natural rubber and rubber softening , and almost no effect on curing . Also used as a molding  epoxidation of soybean oil of polyolefin fibers and lubricants , grease thickening agent, textile waterproofing agent, paint flatting agent , when manufacturing plastic LP plasticizers. Also used in pencil manufacturing and pharmaceutical , perfume industry . Polyolefin polyolefin acid neutralizer color stability and corrosion have a direct contribution ;
Lubricating / processing aids improve  carbon black powder the polyolefins, polyamides , styrene and rubber in the extrusion molding ( film, fiber , profiling , etc. ) , and press molding processability.
Release properties of the thermoplastic plastics , rubber, and thermoset articles, such as unsaturated polyester polyurethane foam . Storage
The product packaging woven bag lined with plastic bag, 20KG or 10KG, stored in a cool , dry place , away from sources of fire , moisture , heat, not with acid, alkali and corrosive substances mixed Commonwealth Games .

Some of the major properties of calcium stearate

Calcium stearate, calcium stearate uniform nature of fine white powder. Melting point 175 ℃, density 1.035g/cm3. Dissolved in toluene , ethanol, benzene and other organic solvents , insoluble fluorescent brightener  in water . Slowly heated to 400 ℃, decomposition, combustible , the case of decomposition of stearic acid and corresponding calcium salts . Water absorption, non-toxic.
Use heat stabilizers for PVC and a variety of plastics processing lubricant , release agent . In rigid products , and the base of lead salts , lead soap can increase the gelation speed. Also used in  Impact modifier for PVC food packaging, medical equipment and other requirements nontoxic soft film and equipment. Can be made of polyethylene , polypropylene, halogen absorbent to remove the residual catalyst on the adverse effects of color and stability . As a plasticizer in rubber processing , make the whole into a natural rubber and rubber softening , and almost no effect on curing . Also used as a molding of polyolefin fibers and lubricants , grease thickening agent, textile waterproofing agent, paint flatting agent , when  whitening agent manufacturing plastic LP plasticizers. Also used in pencil manufacturing and pharmaceutical , perfume industry . Polyolefins polyolefin acid neutralizer and corrosion stability of the color is directly offered ; lubricating / processing aids improve the polyolefins, polyamides , styrene and rubber in the extrusion molding ( film, fiber , copying , etc. ) , and press molding processability. Release properties of the thermoplastic plastics , rubber, and thermoset articles, such as unsaturated polyester polyurethane foam

The method of zinc stearate

Zinc stearate : "White powder , insoluble in water , soluble in hot ethanol , benzene , toluene, turpentine and other organic solvents ; across decomposed into stearic acid, and the corresponding salts ; under dry conditions in a fire resistance, ignition point 900 ℃; hygroscopicity.
Discloses a particular class of zinc stearate and  iron oxide yellow its production process , characterized in that the use of stearic acid, zinc oxide or zinc peroxide or hydrogen
Zinc oxide, strong oxidizing agents, strong reducing agent combination according to the ratio of 100:14.3-19.5:0.2-1.5:0.02-0.5 , the  Metal stearate manufacturing process of the present invention
Simple , low energy consumption , no waste generation, do not pollute the environment, the present invention is a specific grade zinc stearate , product quality meet the national standard , and even some
Indicators better than the national one product standards , not only to meet the high polyethylene, polystyrene resin  iron oxide needs , but also for PVC, resin, rubber , textiles, cosmetics and other industries.

How polyacrylamide application as auxiliaries

Auxiliaries is to make paint can be securely adhered to the fabric as a binder. The polyacrylamide has a strong adsorption adhesion ability , it can be butyl stearate  used as additives in many application areas . Flocculant aluminum sulfate can be used as paper making, printing and dyeing fixing agent retention , and polyacrylamide as auxiliaries for textile dyeing almost throughout the entire process.
Polyacrylamide dyeing auxiliaries throughout the application
In the slurry bath, a small amount of cast polyacrylamide can reduce the use of the slurry , the slurry can be more uniformly adsorbed on the fabric, strengthening film.
Adding a small amount of polyacrylamide can increase the  oxidized PE WAX suction rate desizing , desizing chemicals in reducing concentrations and desizing costs. Added in the dyeing scouring polyacrylamide as its surfactant can increase the permeability of alkali , to reduce the processing time and improve the printing results. Polyacrylamide fabric can reduce sulfur oxidation spot, thereby improving product quality. In the dyeing of cellulose reactive dye can improve uniformity and anchor effect .
Polyacrylamide other additives applications In  acrylic processing addition , polyacrylamide as dyeing auxiliaries in addition to , but also as a sewage treatment flocculants or coagulant used . PAM as an additive applications , the molecules can promote other drugs properties play , play thickening , adsorption , or to form a network bridge such as the role is a set apprehend flocculation , dispersion, thickening , bonding, forming , gel , stable colloidal multifunctional additives.

introduce the characteristics of PVC impact modifier

Second, the main performance:
1, can be used as a polymeric plasticizer , and in the long-term use will not migrate to the product surface precipitation .
2, low temperature performance blends , polarity, anti-UV, anti- chemical and microbiological corrosion magnesium hydroxide flame retardant  performance improved significantly .
3 , added to the PVC, ABS or PVC / ABS alloy to improve its thermal stability.
4 , the European regulatory approval for food contact industry .
5, in the PVC processing , Elvaloy ® 4924 can significantly improve the impact properties, including low-temperature impact resistance .
Third, the theoretical basis and the impact modifier advantage
PVC low-temperature impact strength are the main reasons is because a strong PVC molecules caused by intermolecular forces , because PVC strong molecular attraction between molecules makes PVC products subjected to external shock , PVC molecules difficult to produce the relative displacement , so that the impact energy can not be effectively converted to internal frictional heat , resulting in rupture of the material . Adding a plasticizer , CPE PVC because reducing the attraction between the molecules leaving the improved impact strength , but low molecular weight organic plasticizers are added when less easy to precipitate , and an anti- volatile plasticizing effect instead, the material becomes brittle and will greatly reduce the use of a large number of mechanical properties , it is difficult to use in hard products . The CPE of the polymer precipitated polymer although there is no problem , because its titanium dioxide  glass transition temperature above -10 ℃ , so the low temperature impact performance is not ideal. DuPont Elvaloy 4924 is an ethylene - vinyl acetate carbonyl (E / VA / CO) copolymer , molecular weight PVC rather , is a permanent plasticizer , not precipitated , anti-migration , can significantly reduce the intermolecular force PVC , the glass transition temperature - 36 ℃, to overcome the low glass transition temperature and the CPE plasticizers easy to produce anti- plasticization defects. Not only can greatly improve the impact properties of rigid PVC and can effectively improve the weathering resistance.
Fourth, technical indicators:
Melt index (g/10min) 9
Density (g/cm3) 1.03
Tensile Strength (Psi) 1580
Elongation at break ( % ) 736
Glass transition temperature (℃) -36
Melting point (℃) 70
Solubility parameter 8.68
Five , the main application
1 , rigid PVC: improved formability , reduce subsequent vacuum forming temperature , forming speed faster , improve impact resistance ;
2, soft PVC: to increase weather resistance , low  PVC profile stabilizer temperature resistance , chemical resistance and no -shift problems and improve impact resistance
3 , Footwear: with rubber handle, can increase wear and slip effect , against the soapy water and oil also increased many aspects of behavior .
4 , Other : PVC cable , PVC film, PVC leather and PVC and rubber blend products.

metal soaps some of the major role

 Metal soap a metal other than an alkali metal , a metal oxide or salt and a fatty acid , rosin acid , naphthenic acid soap derived role .
Metallic soap can not be direct saponification of fats , sodium fatty acid soap and are based on the  acrylic processing corresponding metal salt solution was prepared by metathesis reaction , also useful for fatty acid and metal powder obtained melting method , but the quality is not high. Common metallic soap of calcium , magnesium, zinc , lead, aluminum , manganese, iron , cobalt , nickel, molybdenum , barium , cadmium and so on. Generally insoluble in water, insoluble in ethanol most , some can be dissolved in turpentine or ligroin , some can be dispersed in the other organic solvents or drying oil .
Mainly used in paint industry and the plastics industry , mainly in the coatings industry as oil-based paints , coatings and  titanium dioxide anatase alkyd paints phenolic driers . In the plastics industry , can be used as stabilizers. In addition, also for the preparation of greases , waterproofing agents , preservatives , cosmetics and pharmaceutical products. Where the use of metal soap formed by metal salts and organic fertilizer can construct Wong . But as a general alkali metal soaps are dissolved in water , washed our common soap is such a case . And the other is an alkaline earth metal and heavy metal soaps generated , are not soluble in water, but soluble in organic solvent , referred to herein metallic soap , soap entails in terms of the latter category . Metallic soaps very wide range of applications , this is really special because it has a relatively structural reason. Metal soap a metal other than an alkali metal , a metal oxide or salt and a fatty acid , rosin acid , naphthenic acid soap derived role .
Metallic soap can not be direct saponification of fats , sodium fatty acid soap and are based on the corresponding metal salt solution was prepared by metathesis reaction , also useful for fatty acid and  iron oxide metal powder obtained melting method , but the quality is not high. Common metallic soap of calcium , magnesium, zinc , lead, aluminum , manganese, iron , cobalt , nickel, molybdenum , barium , cadmium and so on. Generally insoluble in water, insoluble in ethanol most , some can be dissolved in turpentine or ligroin , some can be dispersed in the other organic solvents or drying oil .
Mainly used in paint industry and the plastics industry , mainly in the coatings industry as oil-based paints , coatings and alkyd paints phenolic driers . In the plastics industry , can be used as stabilizers. In addition, also for the preparation of greases , waterproofing agents , preservatives , cosmetics and pharmaceutical products.

PVC heat stabilizer mechanism of heat

In the process, PVC thermal decomposition little change for other properties, mainly affects the color of the finished product, pvc heat stabilizers may be added to suppress the initial coloring products. When stripped of HCl mass fraction of 0.1%, PVC color began to change. Formation of conjugated double bonds according to the number of different, PVC will show different colors (yellow, orange, red, brown, black). If the aluminum stearate  thermal decomposition of PVC in the presence of oxygen, it will be colloidal carbon, a peroxide, a carbonyl group and an ester-based compound formation. However, use of the product for a long time, PVC thermal degradation of the material properties of great added pvc PVC heat stabilizer can delay the degradation time or the lower the degree of degradation of PVC.
In the course of processing PVC heat stabilizer may be added to inhibit the degradation of the PVC, thermal stabilizer pvc then play a major role are: chlorine atoms by  vegetable stearic acid displacing the unstable, the absorption of hydrogen chloride, and the addition reaction of the unsaturated sites, etc. inhibiting the degradation of PVC molecules. Ideal thermal stabilizer should have multiple functions: (1) replacement lively, unstable substituent bonded to a tertiary carbon atom such as a chlorine atom or allyl chloride, to form a stable structure; (2) and the titanium dioxide  absorption and PVC processing release of HCl, HCl elimination autocatalytic degradation; (3) and on the degradation or passivating the catalytic metal ions and other harmful impurities; (4) by means of a chemical reaction barrier forms unsaturated bond breaking the continued growth inhibiting degradation coloring; (5) is preferably a protective shielding to ultraviolet light.
 

heat stabilizer mechanism

Broadly speaking, all to improve the thermal stability of the polymer for the purpose of adding additives can be  plastic additive called heat stabilizers. In addition to heat stabilizer
Apply a small amount of rubber and other resin processing, mainly used for thermal stability problem is very prominent PVC processing. Thus, in general
Said heat stabilizers of PVC and specifically refers to a copolymer of PVC heat stabilizer.
 In the process of thermal degradation of PVC, almost no monomer, but generate a lot of HCl. PVC thermal degradation mechanism is very
Complex, the same, the mechanism of thermal stabilizer is also very complicated. Comprehensive results of the  PVC shoes stabilizer current study, the role of heat stabilizers can be summarized
For the prevention of type (neutralizing HCl, replace unstable Cl atoms and prevent auto-oxidation) and remedial-type (with PVC anti-unsaturated sites
Should undermine carbocation) two kinds.
As follows:
1 absorption and HCl, inhibit its catalytic automatically. Such stabilizers include lead salts, organic acids, metal soaps with
Organotin compounds, epoxy compounds, amines, metal alkoxide and a phenolic salts and metal thiolate salt. They are available with HCl to inhibit
PVC de-HCl reaction system.
 (2) replacement of PVC unstable allylic chlorine molecule or a tertiary carbon atom chlorine atom, inhibit de PVC. Such as organic tin stabilizer
Instability of PVC molecules of chlorine ligand binding occurs, the ligand, organic tin substitution with an unstable chlorine atoms.
3 with the addition reaction of a polyene structure, damage the formation of a large conjugated system and reduce coloration. Unsaturated acid salts or esters containing
There is a double bond, with PVC molecules conjugated diene double bond addition reaction, thereby undermining its conjugate structure, inhibit discoloration.
4 capture free radicals and prevent the oxidation reaction. Such as adding phenolic stabilizers can block off heat HCl, H is given as phenol
Atom radical degradation of PVC macromolecules with radical coupling reaction with O2 to form a substance can not be, and has a thermal stability. Such thermal stabilizers may have one or several functions of both.
 Ideal PVC heat stabilizer should be a multi-functional substance, or a mixture of some materials, they are able whitening agent  to achieve a
The following functions:
1 replacement lively, unstable substituent such as attached to the tertiary Cl Cl atom or allyl chloride, to form a stable structure
(2) to absorb and process the PVC processing and release of HCl, HCl elimination autocatalytic degradation;
 3 and in the degradation or passivating the catalytic metal ions and other harmful impurities; 4 by chemical reaction forms an unsaturated bond can block the continued growth inhibiting degradation coloring;
 5 The best protection against ultraviolet radiation shielding effect.

Fluorescent Brightener - Introduction

Commonly known as white fluorescent brightener dyes, is a colorless and under UV irradiation can excite PVC lubricant  fluorescent organic compounds, it can improve the whiteness and gloss material. FWA about 15 kinds of basic structure types, nearly 400 kinds of structures. Widely used in papermaking, textile, detergent and other areas
FWA FWA is a fluorescent dye, or a known white dye, is a complex organic compound. Its characteristics are able to produce fluorescence excitation light rays, so that the  tribasic lead sulphate dye substances for similar fluorspar glittering effect, so that the naked eye can see very white substance to achieve whitening effect.
Fluorescent brighteners absorb the invisible ultraviolet light (wavelength range 360-380 nm), is converted to longer wavelength visible light blue or purple, which can compensate for  liquid stabilizer unwanted matrix yellowish, while reflecting incident than the original in the wavelength range of 400-600 nm more visible, so that the products appear whiter, brighter, more vivid. In daily life, many opportunities for contact with fluorescent agents.

PVC impact modifier types Introduction

PVC impact modifier and sometimes also from the plasticizing effect , it can also be seen as a plasticizer for PVC resins and impact modifiers are the following : ( 1 ) chlorinated polyethylene (CPE ) is the iron oxide black  use of HDPE in the water phase of the powdery product by suspension chlorination , so as to increase the degree of chlorination of HDPE original crystals become amorphous elastomer. Used as a toughening agent C? E, containing 25-45 % amount is generally C1 . CPE wide source of low price, in addition to a toughening effect , but also has a cold resistance, weather resistance , flame resistance , and chemical resistance . At present in China is dominated by CPE impact modifiers , especially in the production of PVC pipes and profiles , most plants use CPE. Generally added in an amount of 5-15 copies. CPE can be used in conjunction with other plasticizer , such as rubber , EVA , the effect is better, but even in aging rubber additives .
(2) ACR is methyl methacrylate , acrylate monomers , ACR is best developed in recent years, impact modifiers , which can increase the impact strength of the material several times. ACR core-shell structure is an impact modifier , methyl methacrylate - ethyl acrylate composition of the shell polymer , crosslinked acrylic or butyl rubber elastic body is formed as the core of the particle distribution of the inner segment . Particularly suitable for outdoor use PVC plastic products, impact-modified PVC plastic window profiles used in the ACR as impact modifiers and other modifiers processing performance compared with the smooth surface, good aging resistance , high strength welding angle characteristics, but the price CPE, high 1 /3. Common foreign brands such as K-355, the general amount 6-10 copies. The current domestic production of the manufacturers ACR impact modifier fewer manufacturers use less.
(3) MBS is methyl methacrylate , butadiene and styrene copolymer of the monomers . MBS between the solubility parameter of 94-9.5 , with PVC solubility parameter close, so when the good compatibility with PVC , its most important feature: After adding PVC products can be  tio2 anatase made transparent . Generally added in PVC 10-17 parts of PVC , the impact strength can be increased 6-15 times, but the MBS in amount more than 30 parts , PVC impact strength decreased. MBS itself has a good impact resistance , good transparency , light transmission rate of 90 %, and to improve the impact resistance while other properties of the resin , such as tensile strength , elongation at break little effect . MBS higher prices , often with other impact modifiers, such as EAV, CPE, SBS , etc. and use . MBS poor heat resistance , weather resistance , not suitable for long-term outdoor use made ​​products, generally do not do plastic doors and windows profile production impact modifiers .
(4) SBS is a styrene -butadiene- styrene block copolymers, also known as thermoplastic rubber, thermoplastic elastomer part , the structure can be divided into star and line two kinds. SBS ratio of styrene to butadiene is mainly 30 /70, 40 /60 , 28 / 72 , 48/ 52 several. Mainly used as HDPE, PP, PS impact modifiers in an amount 5-15 parts . SBS primary role is to improve the low temperature impact resistance . SBS poor weather, not suitable for long-term outdoor use made ​​products.
(5) ABS is a styrene ( 40% -50 % ) , butadiene ( 25% -30 % ) , acrylonitrile ( 25% -30 % ) terpolymer used mainly plastic , PVC is also used impact modified , low-temperature impact modifiers also very effective. ABS is added in an amount of 50 parts , PVC , the  PVC heat stabilizer impact strength can be quite pure ABS . ABS is generally added in an amount of 5-20 parts , ABS poor weather , unsuitable for long-term outdoor use products, generally do not do plastic doors and windows profile production impact modifiers .
(6) EVA is an ethylene vinyl acetate and acid copolymer, vinyl acetate changed into a crystalline polyethylene , vinyl acetate content of a large difference , and the different refractive index EVA and PVC , transparent products is difficult to obtain , therefore , often the EVA resin and used with other impact . EVA dosage of 10 parts or less .

flame retardant: flame retardant polypropylene and trends

 
Describes the polypropylene (PP) flame retardant type and mechanism of resistance ene agent PP summarized research progress and trends. Efficient, low toxicity,
Low smoke, low cost, versatile, new composite "green" flame retardant PP 21st century focus of the study.
Polypropylene (PP) is a hydrocarbon material, heat of combustion, it is not entirely produced by burning smoke and toxic gases, its application is limited. In order to improve flame retardant PP, broadening its field of application, you must add flame retardants.
A, PP fire retardant classification
PP flame retardant more categories, according to the basic performance is divided into inorganic and organic flame retardants; according to high and low molecular weight divided into low molecular weight and high molecular weight flame retardant; divided by use of additive flame retardant and reactive flame retardant. Which, by the use of method of classification is more commonly used classification methods. Flame retardant is added to the polymer processing with flame retardant liquids or solids, including phosphates, halogenated hydrocarbons such as, the advantage of ease of use, wide applicability; reactive flame retardant is contained Cl,, Br, P and other elements and reactive flame retardant class of compounds, are copolymerized with the resin to give a resin flame retardant.
Two, PP flame approaches, methods and mechanism (a), flame route
PP flame retardant mainly through three kinds of ways to achieve [1]: (1) using the additive flame retardant, the flame retardant added by mechanical mixing
To the polymer, to achieve flame purposes; (2) use of reactive flame retardant, the flame participate in the reaction as a reactive monomer,
Grafted to the polymer main chain or side chain, the modified polymer has a flame retardant; (3) a flame retardant polymer itself. (Two), the basic method of flame retardant
Retardant PP basic method comprising: (1) use of foam or non-foam refractory material coating the surface of PP material, to
With oxygen or thermal isolation; (2) through the modification of the modified PP matrix material flame retardant. The second method is the main method. (Three), flame retardant mechanism
1. Termination of a chain reaction mechanism
PP combustion, the general decomposition of hydrocarbons. Further oxidation of hydrocarbons at high temperatures, decomposition of free radical HO •. HO • The chain reaction
Makes the flame should continue. Halide decomposition of hydrogen halide (HX). HX can capture high-energy HO • and produce X • and
H 2O, while X • R • reacts with the polymer and the HX, but also capture the HO •. This cycle enables highly active HO • Less
Less will eventually contribute to the ripple cut HO • terminate hydrocarbon combustion flame to achieve the purpose. For PP, halides
Usually without the use of fluoride chloride or bromide or iodide. Because fluoride too lively, the formation of molecular fluorine and very stable
Iodine forming compound is unstable, it is rarely used.
2. Mechanism of protective film
Flame temperature in the combustion swells into a layer of non-combustible protective film covering the surface of the material, isolated from the air and fire retardant. In
Phosphate flame retardant in the PP phosphate, halogen hydrocarbon ester. They differentiate to form a layer of porous insulating film coke, separated
Absolutely air to prevent heat transfer, and thus play a role in flame.
3. Cooling mechanism
Flame retardant polymer surface can melt at a lower temperature, the latent heat absorbed or endothermic reaction, consume a lot of heat, from
And to prevent burning. Such as Al (OH) 3 can play in PP flame retardant effect. It is a non-flame-retardant filling aids. When the temperature
No more than 200 ℃, hydration molecules and Al (OH) 3 combined with very strong, even at 230 ℃ for continuous heating will not significantly decompose.
When the polymer is exposed to heat, one of the Al (OH) 3 hydrated plays the role of heat. When the temperature is higher than 250 ℃, the polymer combustion,
Al (OH) 3 decomposes to absorb a lot of heat, and generate water. Water vapor, and absorb a large amount of heat, thereby reducing the polymer
Temperature of PP pyrolysis gas combustion products, the speed is very slow, less than the concentration of combustion can be maintained, thereby preventing burning. Mg (OH) 3 and Al (OH) 3 is similar, but its decomposition temperature close to 350 ℃ PP is a good flame retardant effect.
4 synergy system mechanism (1) Antimony - halogen collaborative system
Antimony compounds are commonly used Sb 2O 3, halide is an organic halide. Its mechanism is Sb 2O 3 and HX, generating SbOCl; SbOCl
Thermal decomposition of SbCl 3. First, SbCl 3 can be a long stay in the combustion zone, dilution flammable gas, isolated from the air, from the
To flame retardant; secondly, to capture combustible radicals H •, HO •, CH 3 •, etc., play a role in suppressing the flame; thirdly,
SbCl 3 in flames over condenses into droplets type solid particles, the wall effect reactive scattering a lot of heat, so that the combustion slows down or stops,
HX it off after the formation of the polymer of the unsaturated compound to form a crosslinked polymer, improved thermal stability. (2) phosphorus - halogen collaborative system
Phosphorus - when used in conjunction with each other halo promote decomposition, the decomposition temperature lower flame, accelerated decomposition of flame, burning
Region is formed more strongly phosphorus halide compound and decomposition products, and the resulting gas can stay a long time in the combustion zone, to form a strong
Gas barrier layer, to achieve the purpose of fire. (3) phosphorus - nitrogen coordination system
Phosphorus - nitrogen-based flame retardant mechanism by thermal decomposition, releasing acid and nonflammable gas, in which the dilution air
Oxygen. Nitrogen-containing compound plays the role of a blowing agent and coke enhancer, and phosphoric acid is the coked catalyst for burning surface
Forming a layer of porous coke protective film, heat insulation and oxygen barrier effect, can interrupt the burning chain reaction.
Three, PP flame retardant research
Phosphorus - Bromine flame retardant system has a higher melting point, heat resistance and light resistance, their synergistic effect with. This class is used more flame retardant tris (2,2 - dibromo-3 - bromo-propyl) phosphate (TOBP). Bromine and Sb 2O 3 on the ratio of phosphorus -
Bromine flame retardant composites greater impact. Add appropriate amount of chlorinated polyethylene flame-retardant properties of the PP material is small, but it can serve to improve the impact strength. Pengzhi Han and other studies TDBP and TDBP mixed with Sb 2O 3 on PP flame retardant
And rheological properties, and found that they have a significant synergistic flame retardant effect, and PVC heat stabilizer for fittings  its rheological behavior is affected by temperature, shear rate
Rate and flame retardants greater impact.
Intumescent flame retardant polymer technology is in the mid-1970s, the development of a new type of flame retardant technology. It will contain
There are carbon, acid source and air source intumescent flame retardant additives and polymer blend processing, the formation of flame retardant materials. Intumescent flame retardant to
Former multi-ammonium polyphosphate (APP), polyols and melamine composite component composition. When APP thermal decomposition when generated with
Dehydration of the phosphoric acid and pyrophosphoric acid, the polyol esterification, dehydration carbonization, and ammonia produced by the reaction with water vapor to form a
Layer of porous carbon layer, the carbon layer expansion reached retardant purposes. The disadvantage of multi-retardant, impact PP performance. Researchers
The system was modified. In order to ammonium polyphosphate based intumescent flame retardants, triazine derivatives and triazine ring-containing polymer
Due to its excellent flame retardant material synergies attention has been paid, it is flame retardant technology research and development of a hot spot.
Liao Kairong etc. [7] found that adding a small amount in PP triazine derivative flame retardants, can greatly improve the PP flame retardant;
It was also found in a single hydroxyethyl melamine polyphosphate compound and composition of the best flame. Ma collar, etc. [8] studied with P 2O 5, pentaerythritol and melamine for raw materials intumescent flame retardant (IFR), 3 kinds of functions of the PP as IFR / PP body
Department of coupling agent on the mechanical properties, morphology and rheological properties, that the coupling agent and PP blends, because both
The same crystal structure, can be copolymerized, is conducive to the improvement of compatibilizer. The one kind of intumescent accelerator
Join APP / pentaerythritol intumescent flame retardant, as the PP, flame retardants. This new technology greatly improved flame retardant
The flame retardant effect of PP, limiting oxygen index is improved. By heat treatment and melamine ammonium polyphosphate
Mixture to obtain high thermal stability and low moisture absorption intumescent flame retardant. He believes that high temperatures, with the melamine modified
PP polylactic acid promotes the inganic pigments  combustion heat generated during the oxygen-containing organic compound and the unsaturated organic compound charring. Since
Expanding carbon layer shielding effect, so the accumulation of coke carbon layer phosphate favor of further carbonization coke material to accumulate in the melt
The surface of the oxygen-containing compound of phosphorus to form an acid layer have a barrier effect of the air.
Chiu et al [11] studied the halogen-containing flame retardants, flame retardant effect is very significant, but the large amount of smoke when burned, produces a large number of corrosive
Gases and toxic gases, causing environmental pollution, its application is limited. Halogen-free flame retardants less pollution, rapid development.刘敏江 etc.
Using red phosphorus, magnesium hydroxide, APP, pentaerythritol, melamine-halogen flame retardant, various flame retardant composition system,
Flame of PP conducted research and found that APP, pentaerythritol, melamine, between the red phosphorus flame retardant has a good synergy
Purposes. Retardant reduced tensile strength of PP, with the increase of flame retardants, increases the degree of tensile strength is reduced,
Can be reasonably complex between flame retardant synergy play.
Studied intumescent flame retardant system of PP retardant synergistic effects and the impact of liquidity,
The results show that: Collaborative Retardant PP significantly improved flame retardant properties, the droplet phenomenon completely overcome, suitable
Phosphorus, carbon, nitrogen ratio is the formation of high-quality carbon layer of assurance, smoke suppression effect significantly, significantly improved melt flow PP flame retardant system
Sex. Use Intumescent Flame Retardant for PP modified to solve the difficult process operation retardants, stable production
Poor two problems. Halogen-free flame retardant engineering plastics can improve universal value after broaden its function, but also conducive to
Environmental protection, is a promising flame retardants.
Cui Yan et al] studied the different flame retardants, different melt flow index of PP and PP flame retardant properties of inorganic fillers on the impact of
Ring, the results showed that those who make the melt flow performance degradation factors make PP flame retardant performance.
M double hydroxide composite metal oxide complex with APP, for polyamide 6/PP blends to produce good synergistic flame-retardant effect
Fruit. Metal catalyst to improve flame retardant effect of the flame retardant expanded applications. Mn and Zn compounds as
APP / pentaerythritol / PP catalyst intumescent flame retardant system, the other divalent metal ions can be generated in the APP intermolecular crosslinking
While releasing ammonia and H 2O. Four, PP flame retardant trends (a), halogen-free flame retardant and intumescent flame retardant
Currently, more commonly used non-halogenated flame retardants and inorganic flame retardants are intumescent flame retardant. Intumescent flame retardant is a new non-halogen flame retardant. Because of its low smoke when burned, and the generated gas discharge harmless carbon layer can effectively prevent the polymer droplet,
Suitable for PP flame retardant, so intumescent flame retardant research at home and abroad more and more attention, and has broad hair
Exhibition (two), triazine derivatives mainly nitrogen compounds
Triazine derivatives with a nitrogen-containing compound as an expansion-based flame retardant system in the  processing aid new charring agent, has been shown to provide
High intumescent flame retardant effect has significant synergies. It is halogen-free, low toxicity, high decomposition temperature, suitable for processing,
Little effect on the mechanical properties, no bleeding, excellent flame retardant properties, the starting material activity, can be a group with a compound containing different anti-
Should synthesize a variety of high melting point compounds. It is intumescent flame retardant system research and development focus.
(Three), inorganic flame retardants
Inorganic flame retardant non-toxic, non-corrosive, does not cause secondary pollution when burned, some better than organic flame retardant high temperature.
With the improvement of environmental requirements, but also the future development of inorganic flame retardants development of a trend. Especially for some flame retardant
Modified by [such as the use of silane coupling agent on the Al (OH) 3 surface modification] to improve flame retardant properties, has a broad development
Space.
(Four), polymer / flame retardant nanocomposites
(Five) synergistic flame retardant system
Synergistic flame retardant system combines the respective excellent performance, good effect, low cost, can be both flame and smoke suppression. It can be flame retardant compound, to reduce the flame retardants, the purpose of improving flame retardancy.
Six), other types of flame retardants
Enhanced dust-retardant (such as a halogen - antimony concentrated, capsule, wet body, etc.) of, reduce environmental pollution. The future development of non-dust flame retardants are one of the hotspots. In addition, high efficiency, low toxicity, low smoke and flame retardants and to improve compatibility with the base resin research is the development trend of flame retardants.