plastic lubricant some differences

Lubricant is a broad concept. According to their different functions, the lubricant for the following three categories: (1) to reduce the friction between the particles to improve the powder flowability of the materials, also known as glidants glidants); (2) to prevent the fluorescent brightener  adhesion of raw materials to punch surface of the material, also known as anti-adhesion agent antiadherents); (3) to reduce the particle or tablet) with the friction between the die hole wall accessories, this is the real sense of the lubricant. An ideal lubricant should be both of the flow aid, anti-sticking and lubrication three roles, the lubricant in the currently available yet no such ideal lubricant, are often one or two aspects of a relatively good performance, but other effects are relatively poor.
Type of dispersant
Fatty acids, fatty amides, and esters
Stearamide and used with higher alcohol can improve lubricity and thermal stability, the amount (mass fraction) 0.3% -0.8%, the slip agent may be polyolefin; hexenyl bis hard fat acid amides, also known as ethylene bis-stearamide (EBS), the lubricant is a high melting point, the amount of 0.5% to 2%; glyceryl monostearate (GMS), glyceryl tristearate (HTG); oleic acid 0.2% to 0.5% of the amount; hydrocarbon wax solid, mp 57 ~ 70 ℃, insoluble in water, soluble in an organic solvent, the resin dispersibility, compatibility, heat stability are poor, the dosage is generally 0.5% or less
Paraffin
Although the wax is external lubricant, but straight-chain non-polar hydrocarbon, not wet the metal surface, such as polyvinyl chloride resin that does not prevent adhesion of metal walls, only, and stearic acid, calcium stearate and used, in order to achieve synergy
(Nujol): Freezing Point -15 ¯ -35 ℃, the extrusion and injection molding processing, the poor compatibility with the resin, add the amount is generally 0.3% to 0.5%, too much time, but the processing performance bad Microcrystalline wax: obtained from petroleum refining process, the  PVC profile stabilizer larger molecular weight, and has many isomers, mp 65-90 ℃, lubricity and thermal stability, but poor dispersion, the dosage is generally 0.1% -0.2%, preferably butyl stearate, higher fatty acids, metal soaps with
Metal salts of higher fatty acids, called metal soaps such as barium stearate (BaSt) for a variety of plastics, an amount of about 0.5%; zinc stearate (ZnSt) for polyolefins, ABS, etc., the amount of was 0.3%; calcium stearate (CaSt) suitable for GE Plastics, external lubrication, the amount of 0.2% ¯ 1.5%; Other stearic acid soaps such as cadmium stearate (CdSt), stearic acid Magnesium (MgSt), copper stearate (CuSt) low molecular weight waxes
Based on a variety of low molecular aluminum hydroxide  weight polyethylene wax (homopolymer or copolymer), polypropylene, polystyrene or other polymer modified as raw material, by pyrolysis, oxidation from a range of performance of different oligomers Its main products are: homopolymer, oxidized homopolymer, ethylene - acrylic acid copolymer, ethylene - vinyl acetate copolymer, low molecular weight ionomers five categories. Among the most commonly used polyethylene wax
Commonly used polyethylene wax average relative molecular mass of 1500-4000, the softening point of 102 ℃; Other specifications of polyethylene wax average relative molecular mass of 10,000 to 20,000, a softening point of 106 ℃; oxidized polyethylene wax of long-chain molecules with a certain amount of ester group or a soap, and thus the PVC, PE, PP, ABS and external lubrication more balanced, better, its transparency is good. As dispersing agent and its environment, many practical applications, selection of the appropriate dispersing agent is very important.

Wide range of uses stearate

Stearate is an additive for a wide range , the most important role of the polymer with very good results. Such as polyolefins can be used as an acid neutralizer , the article has a good lubricating effect , increase  chrome oxide life expectancy ( in terms of the thermoset product ) . Market , stearate great demand, generally focused on: calcium stearate, zinc stearate, sodium stearate these types . Lianyungang Huaming Tai Material Technology Co., Ltd. is mainly engaged in three types of stearate.
Production of stearic acid salt is a complex process, after several in-depth exchanges , Changzhou Yi degrees Drying Equipment Co. recommend my company developed flash dryer as stearate final  titanium dioxide rutile process section . More than two years , the use of easy -degree flash dryer for drying stearate effect is remarkable, not only high production efficiency, and fewer human resources needed , greatly reducing the cost of doing business .
 Drying stearate ( calcium stearate, zinc stearate, sodium stearate ), the main difficulty lies in mesh powder is too low, the drying time is not a good collection of dust than expected . Choose the traditional bag dust removal equipment can not solve this problem. Our response to this situation , the traditional baghouse has been improved, under the Plastic chemical  premise of ensuring the production , making the maximum amount of material was collected . Stearate using flash dryer drying , the effect is remarkable, and , again using the flash drying equipment high production requirements under full load operation. Tailored for the enterprise is the most suitable drying equipment drying machine I designed purpose . Communicate constantly , constantly solving puzzles , and constantly break through the self .

Supply of PVC impact modifier intended use

Second, the main performance:
1, can be used as a polymeric plasticizer , and in the long-term use will not migrate to the product surface precipitation .
2, low temperature performance blends , polarity, anti-UV, anti- chemical and microbiological corrosion performance improved significantly .
3 , added to the PVC, ABS or PVC / ABS alloy to improve its thermal stability.
4 , the European regulatory approval for food contact industry .
5, in the PVC processing , Elvaloy ® 4924 can significantly improve the impact properties, including low-temperature impact resistance .
Third, the theoretical basis and the  oxidized PE WAX impact modifier advantage
PVC low-temperature impact strength are the main reasons is because a strong PVC molecules caused by intermolecular forces , because PVC strong molecular attraction between molecules makes PVC products subjected to external shock , PVC molecules difficult to produce the relative displacement , so that the impact energy can not be effectively converted to internal frictional heat , resulting in rupture of the material . Adding a plasticizer , CPE PVC because reducing the attraction between the molecules leaving the improved impact strength , but low molecular weight organic plasticizers are added when less easy to precipitate , and an anti- volatile plasticizing effect instead, the material becomes brittle and will greatly reduce the use of a large number of mechanical properties , it is difficult to use in hard products . The CPE of the polymer precipitated polymer although there is no problem , because its glass transition temperature above -10 ℃ , so the low temperature impact performance is not ideal. DuPont Elvaloy 4924 is an ethylene - vinyl acetate carbonyl (E / VA / CO) copolymer , molecular weight PVC rather , is a permanent plasticizer , not precipitated , anti-migration , can significantly reduce the intermolecular force PVC , the glass transition temperature - 36 ℃, to overcome the carbon black powder  low glass transition temperature and the CPE plasticizers easy to produce anti- plasticization defects. Not only can greatly improve the impact properties of rigid PVC and can effectively improve the weathering resistance.
Fourth, technical indicators:
Melt index (g/10min) 9
Density (g/cm3) 1.03
Tensile Strength (Psi) 1580
Elongation at break ( % ) 736
Glass transition temperature (℃) -36
Melting point (℃) 70
Solubility parameter 8.68
Five , the main application
1 , rigid PVC: improved formability , reduce subsequent vacuum forming temperature , forming speed faster , improve  plastic processing aid impact resistance ;
2, soft PVC: to increase weather resistance , low temperature resistance , chemical resistance and no -shift problems and improve impact resistance
3 , Footwear: with rubber handle, can increase wear and slip effect , against the soapy water and oil also increased many aspects of behavior .
4 , Other : PVC cable , PVC film, PVC leather and PVC and rubber blend products.

Aluminum sulfate in wastewater treatment coagulant or flocculant is

To clear aluminum sulfate coagulant or flocculant is , first of all , we must first understand what is flocculation , what  aluminum stearate is concrete ? What is the principle of their application ? The application in wastewater treatment is kind of how ? And what difference ?
Coagulation is the sewage in the sewage , such as adding aluminum sulfate , ferrous sulfate, coagulation agents, suspended in water to electrostatic repulsion between the colloidal particles to eliminate , and then with sulfuric acid such as aluminum or PAM ability of  plastic processing aid suspension a combination of cohesion and flocculation process . What is the cohesion, which is a coagulation agent using a large amount of positively charged ions to eliminate electrostatic repulsion between the colloidal particles , the suspension coalescence . What is the wastewater flocculation , which is also the sewage dosing coagulation agent for processing, but this is no ordinary coagulation agents, but the polymer coagulation agent , the solution for the linear structure of polymers, the use of binding frame role of the small suspension bridge formed floc settling .
Aluminum sulfate in wastewater tiny particles with condensed sedimentation and adsorption effect. That is , the  Metal stearate sewage treatment aluminum sulfate coagulation agents. However , aluminum sulfate do not have the effect of bridging bond , in the absence of suspended colloidal particles can not be condensed under the premise and subsidence . Only present in the sewage on the basis of the colloidal particles floc process . Thus , aluminum sulfate is coagulant.

plasticizer simple description

Plasticizers ( English : Plasticizer), also known as a plasticizer, a plasticizer , an increase in softness of the material or liquefied additive material . Add object contains plastic , concrete , drywall materials, cement and gypsum and so on. The same kind of plasticizing agent often  fluorescent brightener used in different objects , but its effect is often not the same. Plasticizer range up to hundreds of kinds , but the most commonly used means one group of compounds known as phthalates . According to statistics, in 2004 the world's plasticizing agent market, totaled about 550 million tons and 6,000,000 tons moving toward . Add a plasticizer based plastics used functions in different environments, manufactured with a variety of toughness and softness , gloss finished , which required more soft plastic products the more plasticizer added . General often use plastic wrap , one is without additives PE (polyethylene ) material , but its viscosity is poor ; Another widely used is PVC (polyvinyl chloride ) plastic wrap, a large number of plasticizers to make PVC material becomes soft and increases viscosity, very suitable for fresh food packaging.
Use concrete plasticizer ( superplasticizer ) , can increase the workability of the mixture is not easy to produce cellular facilitate construction , thereby reducing the water content ratio , increase the intensity . The wall material can be increased by adding a mixture of plasticizers liquefaction degree , so they do not add too much water , can reduce the time required for drying the wall .
Basic categories
Internal plasticizer
Internal plasticizer is actually part of the  PVC profile stabilizer polymer . Plasticizers are generally within the polymer during the polymerization of the second monomer introduced . Since the second monomer in the polymer molecular structure , reducing the polymer molecule chains are isotactic , which reduces the crystallinity of the polymer chain . Such as vinyl chloride - vinyl acetate copolymer softer than vinyl chloride homopolymer . The use of plasticizers within the temperature range is relatively narrow , and must be added during the polymerization , so use less internal plasticizer .
External plasticizer
External plasticizer is a low molecular weight compounds or polymers , it is required to add the polymer plasticized , increase the plasticity of polymers . External plasticizer is generally a high boiling point of less volatile liquid or low melting point solids , and the  stearate magnesium vast majority of organic compounds are esters . Usually they do not react with the polymer , and the interaction of the polymer mainly in the swelling action of elevated temperatures , with the polymer to form a solid solution . External plasticizers production and a more comprehensive and easy to use, very wide application . Now people are referring to the general said plasticizer external plasticizer. Dioctyl phthalate (DOP) and dibutyl phthalate (DBP) are outside the plasticizer

application performance organic pigments

Organic Pigments Industrial Technology Development and other industrial technology, its applications continues to expand, higher demands , prompting the related technology to the magnesium hydroxide flame retardant  deeper direction. Organic pigments its requirements can be summarized as follows: ① gentrification products that meet the metal coating durability, weather fastness , heat resistance, solvent resistance, and resistance to migration performance and other requirements ; ② organic pigments dosage of , the development of specific applications performance -specific products, such as water , oil , easy dispersibility , high transparency , heat resistance, excellent migration resistance new special formulations , having a high purity crystalline form of certain special features of the organic pigment.
  Applications department requirements to promote the rapid development of organic pigment industry technology , from classical organic synthesis reaction unit ( such as halogenation, nitration , reduction, condensation, diazotization, coupling reaction ) , filtration, separation, drying, grinding process gradually penetrate multidisciplinary areas  iron oxide black such as solid state physics chemistry, morphology, powder surface chemistry, interfacial chemistry , solid solution and crystal chemistry , polymer chemistry and powder dispersion technology. Which highlights the research focus for the development of new varieties of structural pigments , colored crystal particle surface modification treatment technology, efficient pigment dispersion technology , organic pigments and commercial processing technology and application performance testing and evaluation. ( A ) the chemical structure of the pigment new breed was developed to improve the durability of paint , heat stability, resistance to weather fastness , solvent stability and resistance to migration performance ; bright shade , high tinting strength yellow, orange , red, purple and brown varieties to meet with performance dacron blue, green, copper phthalocyanine pigment to match the requirements. The principal means of synthesis of new heterocyclic structure of the pigment , a good Acrylic processing aid  molecular planarity . Symmetry , with a specific substituent , change the molecular polarity , can form intermolecular hydrogen bonds , to improve heat stability and resistance to migration . Based paint durability ( light resistance, weather fastness , heat stability , solvent resistance and migration resistance , etc. ) of the level classification , grade ( high ) , or organic pigments HOP HGP (HighPerformanceOrganicPigments; HighGradePignents), has not only excellent application fastness properties , and value-added products , is high. Undoubtedly increasing organic pigment product formulations to meet specific application areas , high-performance requirements, will be an important trend in the future .

Metathesis reaction around the product to precipitate calcium stearate

Then filtered, washed with water, dried at about 90 ℃, derived products.
3 would 5.60g (0.1mol) of calcium oxide was suspended in 300mL, 55 ℃ hot water. Then 51.3g of chemical pure white foaming agent  stearic acid was dissolved in 350mL, 70 ℃ hot water, 0.75g of diethanolamine was added, stirred and emulsified. The emulsion has been prepared on the stearic acid was gradually added within 2h suspension of calcium oxide, and sufficiently stirred to form a white insoluble material is calcium stearate was filtered off and dried to give the product.
4 direct method equipped with  titanium dioxide a stirrer, a thermometer, 11:50 quantitative stearic acid and CaO, heating to melt slowly added under constant stirring catalyst H2O2, and evacuated, to control the reaction temperature 140 ~ 150 ℃, Reaction 1.5 ~ 2.0h. After completion of the reaction, the material was cooled and crushed to obtain the product. Reaction is as follows:
5 double decomposition method was dissolved in 20 times by mass of stearic acid in hot water, adding a saturated solution of caustic  pvc additive soda content, at about 75 ℃ saponification reaction of a dilute solution of sodium stearate. Then the calcium chloride content of 1074kg/m3 sodium stearate was added to the solution at about 65 ℃ metathesis reaction, the product to precipitate calcium stearate. Then filtered, washed with water, dried at about 90 ℃, ie finished...

plastic flame retardant technology introduction

Plastic applications continue to expand at the black iron oxide  same time increasing its heat and combustible and easily ignite, brought to mankind unexpected danger and loss. Therefore, from the late 1960s, people began to pay attention to and emphasizes natural and synthetic materials, flame resistance, flame retardant additives began as an important class of first chemical fiber, plastics industry rise. Retardants abroad since the 1970s began to develop rapidly, consumption and varieties rose sharply, there are around 6 to 8 percent growth rate. Many of the additives in the plastics industry in flame retardant consumption has moved up to No. 2, second only to the great variety of plasticizers. . Flame retardant additive and reaction is usually divided into types: additive flame retardant used for thermoplastics, is currently the world's largest production of flame retardants, flame retardants accounted for 90% of total. More reactive flame retardant for thermosetting plastics; flame retardants according to the chemical structure can be divided into inorganic and organic flame retardants, inorganic flame retardants are antimony compounds, inorganic boron compounds, inorganic phosphorus flame retardant, inorganic hydroxides, organic flame retardants include organic halogenated flame retardants and organic phosphorus flame retardant. Antimony flame retardants. Antimony prices high, heavy smoke, while halogen flame retardant antimony trioxide is essential gn3t}? ^. Bm
Synergists, so trioxide particle fineness requirement is getting smaller, not only can greatly reduce the amount of increase flame jf? V [{! K |
Sex, but also greatly reduce the amount of smoke. Are generally in the fineness of several microns to 0.01μm, as developed by Seiko Co., Ltd. of Japan Patox average particle size of 0 .01 ~ 0 .02 μm. Guizhou Rong Jiang Fenghua developed chemical antimony antimony oxide ultrafine pure activity, with an average particle size of 0.02μm, content of 99.999%. PolycomHuntsman developed "N% vVu` PNyacoIADP480 a particle size less than 0.1μm antimony pentoxide, adding 1% in the PP up a good flame retardant, and not?)? L? AVQIp
Be of PP impact strength, transparency, etc. impact. Another use of antimony trioxide and aluminum hydroxide, zinc borate, fluoride {C?? O @?? WS
Borate complex, not only can reduce the amount of antimony trioxide and the amount of smoke is also greatly reduced. In short ultrafine seek) E??. OaP
Antimony substitutes and reduce the amount of smoke is antimony flame retardantsdevelopment focus. ? G?} 7?? 50
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- Brominated flame retardants. Brominated flame retardants despite heavy smoke, because of environmental issues by the magnesium hydroxide  EU restrictions; but because flame-g?? NpH? YB
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International technical progress the development of brominated flame retardants on the new feature is to continue to improve and increase the molecular weight of bromine content. Such as the U.S. Ferro's PB-68 is mainly composed of brominated polystyrene, the molecular weight 15000 containing 68% bromine. Belfast bromine chemical companies and Ameribrom companies were developed poly Pentabromophenol acrylate bromine content of 70.5% \ MW 30000 ~}-n? DdMa / -
80000. These flame retardants particularly suitable for all kinds of engineering plastics, migration, compatibility, thermal stability, flame resistance, etc. are much better than many small molecules flame retardants, may become future replacements. - Phosphorus flame retardant. Phosphorus flame retardants are mostly liquid, mainly used in PU, PVC and other plastics. United retardant properties of polymers is much better than the linear polymer, so thermoplastics plus $? _ZQ]?? F
Adding a small amount of a crosslinking agent work becomes part of the polymer network structure, not only can improve the dispersion of the flame retardant, there are benefits BqOve? S2xU
Combustion in the condensed phase polymer produced coking, effectively improve the flame retardancy and PVC stabilizer for cable  mechanical products can increase sexual? O-YGEjeG?
Energy, weathering, heat resistance, etc., such as soft PVC quaternary ammonium salt in a small amount, so that the heat of the fire-retardant material to form a crosslinked> a ~: z?-Jiz
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Polymer become retardant materials, but also flame retardant in a way.

PVC Heat Stabilizer Technology advances and by category

PVC heat stabilizers environmental protection is imperative, zinc-based and non-toxic organic compounds based heat stabilizer is the main direction of development, but the zinc-based nontoxic heat stabilizers have a more realistic application and magnesium stearate  market space. Currently, foreign brands of high-performance zinc-based nontoxic heat stabilizers thermally stable performance close to or reach conventional levels of toxic species, has also been a lot of domestic manufacturers to carry out zinc-based nontoxic heat stabilizers in the development and application promotion, although Overall domestic product performance to be improved, but there are a lot of products to achieve industrial application and have some level of higher performance products. But
The current domestic environment-friendly heat stabilizer consumption ratio is still small, mainly because of the cost and its use is also significantly higher compared to toxic products. Seen in this light, environmentally friendly heat stabilizers future research and development, in addition to further improve performance, we must also focus on improving the cost-effective. To protect the health of our people and the living environment, improve China's PVC industry's international competitiveness in urgent need of related industries to the EU peer learning, take practical measures and steps to promote environmentally-friendly heat stabilizers in the development and promotion of the application process.
Is a kind of heat stabilizers to prevent or reduce the polymer in the course of processing by heat degradation or crosslinking, additives to extend the life of the composite material. Stabilizers commonly be divided into categories according to the main component base, fatty acid soaps, organic tin compounds, composite heat stabilizer and pure organic compounds.
1) base heat stabilizers: base with stabilizers is the "base" of the  heat stabilizer for panel lead salt of inorganic and organic acids, such stabilizer having excellent heat resistance, weather resistance and electrical insulation properties, low cost , poor transparency, toxicity, the dosage is generally 0.5% to 5.0%. (Source Global polyurethane network)
2) fatty acid-based heat stabilizer: These heat stabilizers is defined by the fatty acid composition of roots and metal ion compounds, also known as metal soap-based heat stabilizer, and its performance with the radical species and metal ions, generally an amount of 0.1% ~ 3.0%.
3) Organic tin-based heat stabilizer: These heat stabilizers may be unstable PVC and chlorine atoms in the  magnesium hydroxide molecule to form a ligand, the ligand and the organic tin carboxylate group and a chlorine atom unstable replacement. Such heat stabilizers are characterized by high stability, good transparency, heat resistance, deficiencies are more expensive.
4) composite heat stabilizer: PVC compound stabilizer is a base class, or based on metal soaps, liquid or solid, organic tin compound-based compound, wherein the metal salts of calcium - magnesium - zinc, barium - calcium - zinc, barium - zinc and barium - cadmium; commonly used organic acids such as organic acids, naphthenic acid, oleic acid, benzoic acid and salicylic acid.
5) organic heat stabilizers: These heat stabilizers can be used alone except for a few main stabilizers (mainly nitrogen-containing organic compounds), but also includes high boiling polyols and phosphite, phosphite often associated with metal stabilizers used, composite materials can improve the weather resistance, transparency, improve the surface color.

PVC heat stabilizers Cultivars

PVC primary stabilizers are those have a stabilizing effect when used alone, the compound and the secondary stabilizer is an invalid who used alone with the primary stabilizer compounds Shique synergistic effect. Some primary stabilizer or between certain to choose between the main and auxiliary stabilizers act synergistically after use. First, the  PVC foaming board stabilizer base of the lead salt base lead salts are used in PVC earliest and most widely used of a heat stabilizer, alkaline, and it could be heated with PVC, HCl produced REACTED stability. From toxicity, stain resistance and product transparency point of view, lead salt is not ideal. But its stabilizing effect is good, inexpensive, it is still used extensively for cheap PVC extrusion and calendered products. Because it has excellent electrical properties and low water absorption, the PVC is widely used as electrical insulation products, albums and foam stabilizers. 1.1, tribasic lead sulfate (also known as tribasic lead sulfate) white powder, specific gravity 7.10, sweet, toxic; hygroscopic, non-flammable and corrosive. Insoluble in water, but soluble in hot ammonium acetate, wet decomposition of the light will change color. Index 2.1, and used as electrical insulation products stabilizer. 1.2 Dibasic lead phosphate which is a fine needle-like crystalline powder; specific gravity 6.1, sweet and toxic; 200 ℃ or so into a gray-black, 450 ℃ or so turns yellow. This product is not soluble in water and organic solvents, soluble in hydrochloric acid. Refractive index 2.25, with an antioxidant effect, is an excellent weather resistance stabilizers. Second, the metal soaps metal soaps also a widely used class of PVC heat stabilizer. In carboxylic acid barium, cadmium carboxylate, zinc carboxylate, carboxylic acid, or a mixture of elemental calcium use. Its stabilizing effect is due to it in the beginning of PVC molecular chain decomposition of the place where esterification. Stabilizing effect and the strength of the metal ratio of metal soap, a carboxylic acid type, and the existence of such formulations phosphite, epoxidized oils, the antioxidant synergists. Including cadmium and zinc soap soap greatest stabilizing effect. 2.1 Lead stearate which is a fine powder, is insoluble in water, soluble in hot ethanol and ether. Heated and dissolved in an organic solvent, and then cooling a gum. Case of decomposition of stearic acid and the corresponding lead salts, easy to damp. Has good lubricity, low melting point and that it has the excellent dispersibility. 2.2,2 - ethyl acetate, lead is soluble solvents and plasticizers. Often dubbed 57-60% mineral oil or plasticizer was sold. Widely used in foam blowing agent azodicarbonamide activator. 2.3 Lead salicylate which is a white crystalline powder, specific gravity 2.36, refractive index 1.76. Both PVC heat stabilizers and light stabilizers. 2.4, tribasic lead stearate is a white powder, specific gravity 2.15,280-300 ℃ decomposition, the case of high temperature above 100 ℃ caking. Soluble in ether, poisonous, non-flammable and polyethylene oxide  corrosive. Refractive index of 1.60. This product is good lubricity, good light stability, widely used in PVC formulations title. 2.5, dibasic lead phthalate white fine crystalline powder, specific gravity 4.5. Insoluble in common solvents. This product is weak, and its base portion and easy carbonation. Refractive index of 1.99. When a formula contains a plasticizer easily saponifiable stabilizing effect than tribasic lead sulfate. 2.6, three maleate salt of lead (tribasic lead maleate) yellowish fine powder, specific gravity 6.0, refractive index 2.08, toxic, non-flammable and corrosive, with good color stability, and eliminate unstable diene structure effect. 2.7, barium stearate fine white powder, barium content 19.5-20.6%, the proportion of 1.145, melting point 225 ℃ or more. Insoluble in water, but soluble in hot ethanol. Was heated and dissolved in an organic solvent, after cooling into jelly. Case of decomposition of stearic acid and the corresponding barium salt, easy to damp. Sulfur contamination must be avoided for the selection of the heat stabilizer is used when processed under high temperature lubricant. 2.8, Osmanthus barium
2.9, ricinoleic acid, which is a kind of barium yellow-white powder, mp l16-124 ℃, enabling products to obtain good transparency stabilizer. 2.10, a white fine powder cadmium stearate, cadmium content 16.5-17.5%, insoluble in water, soluble in hot ethanol, heated and dissolved in an organic solvent, a jelly after cooling, in case decomposed into stearic acid and the corresponding cadmium salt, easy to damp. Is required to have good transparency PVC heat and light stabilizers. 2.11, cadmium ricinoleate which is a white powder, mp 96-104 ℃, both heat and light stabilizers 2.12, calcium stearate fine white powder, insoluble in water, soluble in hot ethanol and ether. Case of decomposition of stearic acid and corresponding calcium salt, easy to damp. Is a non-toxic PVC stabilizers and lubricants. Generally not used alone, but often with soap zinc, magnesium soap or vice epoxy stabilizer used in conjunction. 2.13, castor calcium is a white powder, melting point 74-82 ℃, PVC with a non-toxic stabilizers. 2.14, zinc stearate fine white powder, insoluble in water, soluble in hot ethanol, turpentine, benzene and carbon black powder other organic solvents. Was heated and dissolved in an organic solvent, after cooling a gum. Case of decomposition of stearic acid and the corresponding zinc, easy to damp. Is a non-toxic PVC stabilizers and lubricants. 2.15, magnesium stearate white powder, specific gravity 1.07, melting point of pure 85 ℃, industrial mp l08-115 ℃. Slightly soluble in water, soluble in hot ethanol, the case of decomposition of stearic acid and magnesium. This is a non-toxic PVC stabilizers and lubricants, but also phenol and urea formaldehyde resin lubricant. Third, the composite stabilizer 3.1, liquids and liquid barium cadmium, barium cadmium zinc composite stabilizer such composite stabilizer is mainly used for the processing of soft PVC products, the basic components include: (a) barium salt - can be alkyl barium phenol 2 - ethylhexanoic acid, barium laurate, barium, barium benzoic acid and substituted benzoic acid, neodecanoic acid and barium. Barium salt complexes accounted 6-7% salt with cadmium ratio is about 2:1.32 (as metal, by weight, the same below). (2) cadmium salts - can be 2 - ethylhexanoic acid, cadmium laurate, cadmium, cadmium oleate, phenyl and substituted benzoic acid, cadmium, cadmium naphthenate, neodecanoate, and cadmium. Cadmium salt complexes about 3-4%. (3) zinc salt - may be 2 - ethylhexanoate, zinc laurate, zinc naphthenate, zinc neodecanoate, benzoic acid and substituted benzoic acid zinc. Accounts for the composite zinc 0.5-1%. (4) phosphite - may be triphenyl phosphite, diphenyl phosphite, an octyl diphenyl phosphite, a decyl phosphite, tris (nonylphenyl), etc. In the phosphite complexes about 15-20% (by weight), as a chelating agent. (5) Other - include minor amounts of 2,6 - tert-butyl-p-cresol, bisphenol A, nonylphenol and other phenolic antioxidants and ultraviolet absorbers, and a liquid paraffin, white oil, diesel oil, spindle oil mineral oil as solvent, and the need small amount of antifoaming agent such as a higher alcohol. Liquid barium cadmium zinc composite stabilizer because different composition, properties are also different. But is generally pale yellow to yellow clear liquid, specific gravity 0.95-1.02 at room temperature, the viscosity of less than 100 cps, freezing point at -15 ℃ or so. Liquid Ba Ba Cd, Zn and Cd, and similar liquids, has excellent heat and light stability; initial coloration is small, good transparency and color stability. Their stabilizing effect than solid composite soaps, therefore, may reduce the amount of, usually 2-3 parts, the dust does not occur poisoning, and completely dissolved in the plasticizer in the general, good dispersion, small tendency to precipitate. Wherein the liquid barium cadmium zinc early color than the liquid barium cadmium smaller. 3.2 Liquid Ba-Zn complexes are generally pale yellow to yellow-brown oily liquid, specific gravity of 1.0-1.1 at room temperature, good heat resistance, pollution from sulfur, with an epoxy plasticizer and used to increase the stabilizing effect on the hair foam agents are activation. 3.3, non-toxic liquid calcium zinc complexes of liquid calcium zinc stabilizer main ingredients are calcium stearate, castor oil, calcium, zinc stearate, castor oil, zinc and epoxy soybean oil, ultraviolet absorber. Liquid calcium zinc stabilizer off
Agents are generally more soluble in organic solvents used fewer carbon fatty acid calcium salts and zinc salts. Because of different compositions, varied in nature, usually pale yellow to yellow clear oily liquid at room temperature under a specific gravity of 1.0 to 1.05. It is non-toxic PVC stabilizer, mainly for food packaging films, containers, and foam stabilizer for leather. Fourth, organotin stabilizers organotin stabilizers are various carboxylic acids derivatives of tin and tin mercaptide, the main products are dibutyl tin and dioctyl tin compounds, which Dioctyltin countries as being more toxic stabilizer be used. Organotin primarily to stabilize rigid PVC products, especially those that require a superior transparency and thermal stability of the product. Of course, soft products can be stably, but because of its price is more expensive, it is generally not used. 4.1, dibutyl tin dilaurate is a pale yellow clear liquid, dissolved in a plasticizer and all industrial solvents, the toxic materials. It is the oldest organotin species, has excellent lubricity, transparency and weather resistance, resistance to sulfur pollution, but the heat resistance is poor. As the main products, soft transparent stabilizers, rigid transparent products used as lubricants. 4.2, dibutyltin maleate which is a white amorphous powder, melting and volatile vary with the degree of polymerization, between about 100-140 ℃. This product is toxic, a tear. Primarily used for high softening point and high impact strength rigid transparent products. Because no lubrication so often and dibutyl tin and used, the amount of 0.5-2. 4.3, bis (monobutyl maleate), dibutyltin light yellow transparent liquid, non-toxic (to allow the amount of 3 parts or less). This product has good weather resistance, transparency, and thermal stability preventing coloration does not occur sulfur pollution, commonly used in transparent PVC rigid products, the amount of 2.0-4.0 parts. 4.4, bis (isobutyl thioglycolate), di-n-octyl tin which is a pale yellow liquid, insoluble in water, soluble in esters, ethers, alcohols, aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons, chlorinated hydrocarbons and the major types of plasticizer . It is the main tin mercaptide species, the most commonly used one non-toxic organotin stabilizers for rigid transparent PVC (2-3 copies) and soft transparent PVC (1 copy). The disadvantage is poor weather, the smell would sulfur pollution, no lubrication. In addition, because it contains an ester group, so there is a certain degree of plasticization. 4.5, di-n-octyl tin dilaurate, which is a yellow liquid, 25 ℃ the specific gravity of 1.01-1.02, the refractive index of the viscosity 1.46-1.47,30 ℃ 60 centipoise. This product is non-toxic, good lubricity, mainly used for rigid transparent PVC food packaging materials, the amount of 1.5 parts or less. 4.6 of octyl tin maleate is a white powder, mp 87-105 ℃, insoluble in water, soluble in benzene, ethanol, acetone. The non-toxic, has excellent long-term heat resistance, mainly for the sub tin mercaptide stabilizer, often in the amount of 0.3-0.5 parts. Five sub-heat stabilizers 5.1, epoxidized soybean oil epoxide, epoxy linseed oil, epoxidized tall oil, epoxidized butyl stearate, octyl epoxy compounds such as polyvinyl chloride used in sub- heat stabilizers, they used the main stabilizer with a high synergistic effect, with the advantages of light stability and non-toxic, suitable for soft, in particular to the exposure to sunlight soft PVC products are not typically used rigid PVC products. 5.2, a phosphite decyl diphenyl phosphite, didecyl monophenyl phosphite esters are also sub PVC heat stabilizer, in particular barium / cadmium and calcium / zinc stabilizer system used to improve the transparency of products sex. But will hydrolyze and therefore can not be in contact with water used as a secondary PVC products stabilizer. 5.3, other organic compounds diphenlthiourea 2 - phenylindole, β-line butyric acid esters, trimethylol propane, thio lauryl acid anhydride, and a high boiling polyhydric alcohol such as pentaerythritol, sorbitol, mannitol, etc., with the primary heat stabilizer and use may also play a synergistic effect.