a type of plastic processing aid analysis

plastic processing aid according to different molecular weight, and have different functions. Processing aid ACR 50-150 10,000 molecular weight processing aids are widely used for general article PVC flame retardant  having a core - shell structure of the elastic polymer, the core-shell impact modifier emulsion was ACR production technology core. In the continuous research and development of the global impact modifier ACR, the foreign ACR impact modifier has been enhanced on the basis of the traditional techniques, particularly aspects of particle size control and continuous production. China's major manufacturers early ACR impact modifier produced using seed method, batch aluminium stearate  emulsion polymerization production processes and devices equipped with a small, poor performance and product quality control fluctuations, impact product performance and greater foreign gap, the same low productivity, small batches. plastic processing aid development and testing of a large number of companies to achieve a one-step control of latex particle size, and to achieve low-temperature continuous emulsion polymerization process, greatly improving the efficiency of production, production plant expansion  Aluminum hydroxide through. In terms of the production process recipe uses a third, fourth functional monomers such as acrylic rubber performance in terms of both the impact and tensile greatly improved product performance reached the international advanced level.

The inevitable direction of future development of inorganic pigments inganic

 "Low carbon" is the direction of the so-called low-carbon economy is the

future development of low-power , low pollution , low-emission -based

economic model, is following the agricultural civilization of human

society , another major industrial civilization 's progress . Low-carbon

economy is the essence of efficient use of energy , clean energy

development , the pursuit of green GDP problem , the core energy

technologies and emission reduction technology innovation , a fundamental

change in industrial structure and institutional innovation and the

development of the concept of human survival . Pigments business is also

bound to a " low carbon" road , the implementation of low-carbon energy is

an inevitable stage of pigment pigments in the history of mankind .
 What is a " low-carbon green inorganic pigment" so-called " low-carbon

green pigment" , we can learn from itself and its raw materials,

production and consumption processes to make an explanation: First, the

pigment itself is nontoxic , the main indicators of heavy metal content in

within the scope of international standards . Secondly , raw materials and

equipment in the pigment manufacturing process, reduce the use of

petrochemical raw materials , improve energy efficiency and reduce carbon

dioxide emissions. For production companies, improve production

efficiency, reduce production waste water and exhaust emissions , dust and

other pollutants, as far as possible to reduce the solvent content of

volatile matter , so low VOC standards, promote technological innovation

energy saving . Finally , in the process of consumption , the product

guide downstream enterprises to correct those accustomed to the waste of

energy , increased pollution discharge consumption patterns , to maximize

the enormous potential of the pigment consumption of energy saving

products . Variety " low-carbon green MMO inorganic pigment" ( color mixed

with inorganic pigments ) family of products
    Low carbon environmental inorganic pigment is an inevitable trend of

development of inorganic pigments . Domestic and foreign , also known as

complex inorganic pigments , CICP pigments , academically often called the

mixed phase metal oxide pigments . In all types of  WSD Plastic impact modifier inorganic colored

pigments , the pigment due to environmentally friendly non-toxic,

excellent light fastness weather , high heat resistance , excellent

chemical resistance , relatively broad range of chromatographic

characteristics, occupational safety and  WSD Stabilizers for pipe environmental regulations become

increasingly strengthened system requires the use of increasingly long

finished today, by coatings, plastics, masterbatch , ceramics, glass,

building materials and other related industries welcome.
     Low carbon environmental MMO inorganic pigment ( color mixed with

inorganic pigments ) product varieties are  WSD PVC stabilizer cobalt blue , titanium, chrome

yellow, nickel titanium yellow, green, cobalt , titanium, manganese brown,

fierce black iron , copper, chromium and other black

Effect on the performance of PVC heat stabilizers how much you know

A series of complex organic PVC heat stabilizers have begun to enter the market and gradually replaced the traditional heavy metal stabilizers.
PVC heat stabilizers are indispensable in the process additives , awareness of their concerns with human health and  iron oxide black the surrounding environment is gradually increased, the world has promulgated a series of measures to limit the use of heavy metal heat stabilizers .
Outside the industry generally believe that awareness of PVC heat stabilizers environmental protection has become an irreversible trend, in the process of environmental protection PVC heat stabilizer , research and development , non-toxic , non-polluting , complex , and efficient heat stabilizers have been more widely application .
PVC resin having a self- HCL released catalytic or structural instability polyolefin produced PVC resin capable of addition reflection to prevent or reduce the decomposition of PVC resin . General characteristics of the formulations selected thermal stabilizer , features and requirements of the article to be considered. Here are some characteristics of people stabilizer :
1 lead salt stabilizer is mainly used in hard articles . Lead salt stabilizer has good heat stabilizers , excellent electrical properties , low cost and so on. However, its toxicity, easily contaminated products , can only produce opaque products. In recent years, large  iron oxide yellow numbers of composite stabilizer , stabilizer dangerous single component has been replaced . Features composite stabilizer is a dedicated and strong, little pollution , the advantages of simple ingredients and processing enterprises . But because no uniform standard , so the difference between the various composite stabilizer great .
2 barium cadmium -based stabilizers is a better performance heat stabilizers . PVC plastic sheeting used in wider . Usually barium cadmium and zinc and organic phosphite antioxidants and use .
3 . Calcium zinc stabilizers can be used as non-toxic stabilizers used in food packaging and medical devices, pharmaceutical packaging , but its stability is relatively low education , calcium -based stabilizers large amount of poor transparency , easy to bloom . Calcium zinc stabilizers usually used polyols and antioxidants to improve its performance, the PVC heat stabilizer  country has recently been Ca-Zn composite stabilizer for rigid pipes appear.
4 good thermal properties of the organic tin-based stabilizers , are preferred species for the transparent rigid PVC products , particularly octyl tin packaging products become almost indispensable toxic stabilizers .

plastic lubricant some differences

Lubricant is a broad concept. According to their different functions, the lubricant for the following three categories: (1) to reduce the friction between the particles to improve the powder flowability of the materials, also known as glidants glidants); (2) to prevent the fluorescent brightener  adhesion of raw materials to punch surface of the material, also known as anti-adhesion agent antiadherents); (3) to reduce the particle or tablet) with the friction between the die hole wall accessories, this is the real sense of the lubricant. An ideal lubricant should be both of the flow aid, anti-sticking and lubrication three roles, the lubricant in the currently available yet no such ideal lubricant, are often one or two aspects of a relatively good performance, but other effects are relatively poor.
Type of dispersant
Fatty acids, fatty amides, and esters
Stearamide and used with higher alcohol can improve lubricity and thermal stability, the amount (mass fraction) 0.3% -0.8%, the slip agent may be polyolefin; hexenyl bis hard fat acid amides, also known as ethylene bis-stearamide (EBS), the lubricant is a high melting point, the amount of 0.5% to 2%; glyceryl monostearate (GMS), glyceryl tristearate (HTG); oleic acid 0.2% to 0.5% of the amount; hydrocarbon wax solid, mp 57 ~ 70 ℃, insoluble in water, soluble in an organic solvent, the resin dispersibility, compatibility, heat stability are poor, the dosage is generally 0.5% or less
Paraffin
Although the wax is external lubricant, but straight-chain non-polar hydrocarbon, not wet the metal surface, such as polyvinyl chloride resin that does not prevent adhesion of metal walls, only, and stearic acid, calcium stearate and used, in order to achieve synergy
(Nujol): Freezing Point -15 ¯ -35 ℃, the extrusion and injection molding processing, the poor compatibility with the resin, add the amount is generally 0.3% to 0.5%, too much time, but the processing performance bad Microcrystalline wax: obtained from petroleum refining process, the  PVC profile stabilizer larger molecular weight, and has many isomers, mp 65-90 ℃, lubricity and thermal stability, but poor dispersion, the dosage is generally 0.1% -0.2%, preferably butyl stearate, higher fatty acids, metal soaps with
Metal salts of higher fatty acids, called metal soaps such as barium stearate (BaSt) for a variety of plastics, an amount of about 0.5%; zinc stearate (ZnSt) for polyolefins, ABS, etc., the amount of was 0.3%; calcium stearate (CaSt) suitable for GE Plastics, external lubrication, the amount of 0.2% ¯ 1.5%; Other stearic acid soaps such as cadmium stearate (CdSt), stearic acid Magnesium (MgSt), copper stearate (CuSt) low molecular weight waxes
Based on a variety of low molecular aluminum hydroxide  weight polyethylene wax (homopolymer or copolymer), polypropylene, polystyrene or other polymer modified as raw material, by pyrolysis, oxidation from a range of performance of different oligomers Its main products are: homopolymer, oxidized homopolymer, ethylene - acrylic acid copolymer, ethylene - vinyl acetate copolymer, low molecular weight ionomers five categories. Among the most commonly used polyethylene wax
Commonly used polyethylene wax average relative molecular mass of 1500-4000, the softening point of 102 ℃; Other specifications of polyethylene wax average relative molecular mass of 10,000 to 20,000, a softening point of 106 ℃; oxidized polyethylene wax of long-chain molecules with a certain amount of ester group or a soap, and thus the PVC, PE, PP, ABS and external lubrication more balanced, better, its transparency is good. As dispersing agent and its environment, many practical applications, selection of the appropriate dispersing agent is very important.

PAFC first three outs coagulation process

PAFC is aluminum ( aluminum sulfate ) and iron coagulation hydrolysis , and set them on the merits of a new and efficient coagulant It is also the wastewater treatment coagulant. Well, you know ferric chloride coagulation in the first three kind of how it is played . We dibasic lead stearate  take a look at three stages of the coagulation process and the formation of hydraulic conditions alum status .
Condensed phases: the liquid is injected into the raw water coagulation tank with rapid coagulation in a very short period of time the process of forming a fine alum , when the water becomes more turbid , it requires water to produce intense turbulence . Beaker experiment should be fast ( 250-300 rev / min ) was stirred for 10-30S, generally no more than 2min.
Flocculation stages: yes alum  n-butyl stearate grow thicker process, requiring an appropriate degree of turbulence and sufficient residence time (10-15min), to the later observed sinking slowly gathered a large number of alum to form a clear surface layer . Beaker experiment first with 150 rev / min stirring for about 6 minutes, then 60 cycles / minute to about 4 minutes was stirred in suspension .
Settlement stage : it is carried out in the settlement pool floc settlement process , requiring slow water flow , to improve the general efficiency of the use of ramps ( plate ) settling pond , lots of thick alum perianth inclined tube ( plate ) and deposited in the  glyceryl monostearate pool wall barrier end of the upper water to clarify the water , the rest of the small particle size, density alum side down slowly , while continuing to collide knot large cloud -to-late I basically unchanged . Beaker experiments should be 20-30 rev / min slow stirring for 5 minutes, then 10 minutes of static sink , than measured turbidity . PAFC take aluminum ( such as aluminum sulfate , etc. ) , iron coagulant their respective flotation operation advantageous to improve the PAC coagulation performance ; the high turbidity water and low temperature and low turbidity water purification effect is particularly evident not add alkaline additives or other coagulant .

Analysis of the use of natural red iron oxide

Iron oxide red do you know? Professionals may be more familiar with such items. Today we'll learn a wide range of uses of natural iron oxide red! Look at it together!
Red iron oxide has both natural and  Metal stearate artificial. West said the natural red. A substantially pure iron oxide. Red powder. As production methods and operating conditions, their crystal structure and physical properties are very different, color changes from orange to blue to violet light between. Hiding power and tinting strength are great. There  are excellent light, high temperature performance and resistance to atmospheric effects, resistance to dirty gas, all the alkali resistance. Only in  optical brightener concentrated acid under heating was gradually dissolved.
 Natural red iron oxide has good coloring power, the production of ultra-fine natural red iron oxide pigments, the main chemical ingredient, fine texture, pure color, particle size distribution science, measured by the Chinese Institute of Chemical Industry Metals data indicate that, in similar products , it is non-toxic, high temperature, not with acid, alkali, salt effect, is replaced Hongdan green pigments. Surface to be easily attached to dust, Every time there was rain Xueshuang, more so the film surface scrub as new, soft  lead stearate colors and elegant, do not fade, change color, replace part of red iron oxide. Natural red iron oxide is mainly used for the production of iron red paint industry series primer, paint, mixed paint and high-grade paint colors such species or building components for color, natural red iron oxide can replace the roots of materials and precipitated barium sulfate , talc and other fillers. ...

PVC heat stabilizers and mechanism

PVC is the first ideal structure - tail structure-CH2-CHCl-CH2-CHCl-, is quite stable. But so far the PVC synthesis method can not be like synthetic butadiene rubber, as the role of catalyst in Jigger so there are rules for orientation cis butadiene polymerization is a free radical polymerization of vinyl chloride random polymerization, in addition to its stable First - tail structure, as well as the first - the first structure-CH2
-CHCl-CHCl-CH-, tail - tail structure-CHCl-CH2-CH2-CHCl-; generate a coupling disproportionation vinyl Results CH2 = CH-CHCl
-CH2-structure and allyl chloride-CH2-CH = CH-CHCl-CH2 and so on.
Generated in the PVC synthetic allyl chloride, chlorine and tertiary carbon double bond in its molecular chain structure instability, unstable cis
Sequence is: PVC within the molecular chain allyl chloride> tertiary carbon Chlorine> terminal allyl chloride> sec chlorine. PVC processing is easily degraded but because
The PVC molecular chain structure, there vegetable stearic acid  is instability factors, such modification not be stabilized, and its decomposition temperature is about 130 ℃, but
PVC resin to be processed into useful articles, molding temperature to above 190 ℃. Therefore, you must add to its junction heat stabilizer
Improved structure for stabilization. Four types of heat stabilizers heat discoloration Comment
Ideal thermal stabilizer should also absorb HCL, remove the active site, the addition of a conjugated polyene chain, from the destruction of carbenium
Sub-salt, to prevent the auto-oxidation and other functions, without generating a catalytic degradation of PVC products. The plastic processing aid  actual heat stabilizer due to
Has a different function and behave in a different thermal stability characteristics, can be divided into early-type, long type, intermediate type and versatile
Four categories.
1) cadmium, zinc soap is typical of early-type heat stabilizers, can quickly absorb HCL, and Cd, Zn in the catalyst effectively carboxylic
Replace PVC chain radical unstable chlorine atoms, thereby effectively suppressing the initial degradation and coloring, but because of consumption of fast transformation products CdC12, ZnC12, but also off the HCL PVC efficient catalysts, which will lead to the aluminium distearate  degradation of PVC material suddenly becomes a vicious black, so
Long-term thermal stability. 2) barium, calcium soap is a typical long-term thermal stabilizers, absorption HCL function only and therefore can not effectively suppress coloring PVC,
But the transformation products BaC12, CaC12 does not have catalytic activity, does not cause a sudden black PVC, long-term thermal stability. 3) fatty acids, organic tin are intermediate, both absorbs HCL, can effectively replace PVC with chain carboxylate unstable chlorine
Atoms, and conversion products do not have catalytic activity.

The use of aluminum sulfate sweatband

Heard of aluminum sulfate paper sizing role in the coagulation of sewage treatment , as alum and other raw materials , such as medical supplies . Heard of it can be used as antiperspirant it ? In this upcoming summer , we take a look at how aluminum sulfate sweatband .
What is the antiperspirant
 Antiperspirant is used to inhibit sweating chemical PVC stabilizer  products, generally used in human underarm sweating so easy part . Antiperspirant aluminum and zirconium -containing , and damage can block Porokeratosis , sweat glands can be suppressed . Sweating agents usually spray , roller , and paste , three types. Currently the market launch stressed that we can sweatband thirty antiperspirant deodorant , the main component of aluminum , aluminum and aluminum molecules through the painting , you can block the body sweat duct outlet , to improve the situation sweat , the effect pretty good, but Metal stearate  antiperspirant only applies to a small area, such as the armpits , face , etc. , the disadvantage is to maintain a limited effect and validity is not long. Antiperspirant effect of aluminum sulfate
 Antiperspirants to reduce perspiration to 20% can be regarded as antiperspirants , metal salts such as aluminum chloride , aluminum sulfate and aluminum chloride is that the effective agent in many products . Since antiperspirants closed and cause irritation or rash sweat , so try not to use more than you actually need antiperspirant . Sugary antiperspirants, to PVC heat stabilizer  avoid the use of safe , because a lot of people in the use of zirconium-containing products, their armpits called granulomas appear small mass. Avoid sweating inflammation or just shaved skin using antiperspirants . Deodorants and antiperspirants applied to the shaved skin but not dry , the most prone to skin irritation symptoms, the causes of which are such products a common side effect. In summary, aluminum sulfate and ferrous sulfate salts such as antiperspirants , you can say it is the second as a deodorant , fluoride agents and flotation agent after another little-known feature . I will continue to serve you tap its other effects .

Organotin stabilizers may be used alone

also for both the transparent where good thermal stability , but can also be the barium , cadmium compounds mixed to obtain a synergistic effect .
Tin stabilizer good machining properties , they are particularly suitable for rigid products . While its light stability than barium / cadmium stabilizer better , but some in the processing of organic tin to arouse tacky lubricant is therefore required to be adjusted . Tin plastic lubricant  compounds containing sulfur and lead compounds contaminating action will occur , so the two should be avoided in combination .
( 1 ) Dibutyl tin dilaurate : The stabilizers can be made very transparent products , soft products are often used in the . Its processing temperature is not too high , the quality of the products, processing Chin have sufficient thermal stability and good light stability.
( 2 ) two maleic acid butyl tin : its thermal stability than dibutyltin dilaurate is good, especially for hard injection or extrusion products. Processing temperatures up to 200 ° C or more, with PVC foaming board stabilizer  good light stability . Such stabilizers prevent the contaminating action of vulcanization , the sulfur can effectively replace the tin compounds . The disadvantage is that at high concentrations may bleed , while in the process of irritating gases released .
( 3 ) a sulfur-containing tin stabilizers : This type of material has a maximum thermal stability , but also can obtain good product transparency , it is widely used for a transparent extruded products in rigid . Usually the hard composition an amount of about 2.0 ~ 3.0Phr, be less soft . Because they have no lubrication, so the application must be added the right amount of lubricant.
( 4 ) n-octyl tin salts : All of the tin compounds , in addition to other n- octyltin are toxic , so it is suitable for non-toxic products. Its characteristics with sulfur-containing tin compounds are close , suitable for hard or soft transparent tube. 4 , the stabilizer tends Although a variety of different stabilizers and combinations of the number of rapid growth, but lead compounds is still by far the most  low molecular polyethylene widely used . Lead stabilizer also has drawbacks , chief among them :
( 1 ) toxicity.
( 2 ) to achieve the required degree of stability , a higher dosage .
{3 ) a large proportion of the volume of products to make steady increase in cost .
( 4 ) so that the plastic colored transparent products can not be produced ( except for certain lead compounds ) .
( 5 ) in the plastic dispersion is difficult .
Especially the toxicity of lead compounds , these dust -like powder in a pinch and toxic or plasticizing process of the operator's health has been compromised. Therefore, only valid when the suction removal equipment can be directly applied to the open type kneading machine, and preferably a stabilizer way sucked plasticizer added to the appropriate ground pulp , or the manufacturer of the lead salt was crisp like , pasty , granular or liquid , particularly liquid lead stabilizers , which can reduce the relative amount in the formulation , not only eliminates the risk of toxic dust , and the ratio of solid and slurry pipelines easier to avoid dust emissions, to prevent lead poisoning.
In the selection of a stabilizer , to take into account the savings with lead . Therefore , the choice of stabilizing effect of a good multi-component composite stabilizer is necessary. Other liquids used stabilizer is improved dispersion stabilizer effective way . Especially cadmium / barium / zinc and epoxy compounds and chelating agents , such combinations are often applied liquid stabilizer , in addition, lead stearate pulp, pulp cadmium , barium pulp powder flying can also be changed for improvement .
Composite stabilizer applications, but also stabilizing agent with one important development process . Indeed, some soaps can be applied individually, after mixing with other stabilizers has a good synergistic effect . The method of the composition of mixed system , not only the individual simply mixed with each other stabilizers , and metal soap -based stabilizers in the manufacturing process to be coprecipitated . For example, barium laurate / cadmium , etc., so the effect will be more significant. Now the application has become more complex mixture including barium / cadmium organic salts , zinc soap antioxidants , ultraviolet absorbers, chelating agents , and epoxy compounds .

How polyacrylamide application as auxiliaries

Auxiliaries is to make paint can be securely adhered to the fabric as a binder. The polyacrylamide has a strong adsorption adhesion ability , it can be butyl stearate  used as additives in many application areas . Flocculant aluminum sulfate can be used as paper making, printing and dyeing fixing agent retention , and polyacrylamide as auxiliaries for textile dyeing almost throughout the entire process.
Polyacrylamide dyeing auxiliaries throughout the application
In the slurry bath, a small amount of cast polyacrylamide can reduce the use of the slurry , the slurry can be more uniformly adsorbed on the fabric, strengthening film.
Adding a small amount of polyacrylamide can increase the  oxidized PE WAX suction rate desizing , desizing chemicals in reducing concentrations and desizing costs. Added in the dyeing scouring polyacrylamide as its surfactant can increase the permeability of alkali , to reduce the processing time and improve the printing results. Polyacrylamide fabric can reduce sulfur oxidation spot, thereby improving product quality. In the dyeing of cellulose reactive dye can improve uniformity and anchor effect .
Polyacrylamide other additives applications In  acrylic processing addition , polyacrylamide as dyeing auxiliaries in addition to , but also as a sewage treatment flocculants or coagulant used . PAM as an additive applications , the molecules can promote other drugs properties play , play thickening , adsorption , or to form a network bridge such as the role is a set apprehend flocculation , dispersion, thickening , bonding, forming , gel , stable colloidal multifunctional additives.

Laundry FWA some of the uses

 Laundry Tips Collection :
1, cleaning white , white socks stubborn stains on white clothing is difficult to eradicate , this time after taking a lemon slice boil water put the white clothes soaked in water for about 15 minutes after cleaning can be.
2 , wash clothes because of drying clothes sometimes smell shall not be treated , there will be unpleasant sour sweat , take Dioctyl phthalate  white vinegar mixed with water , soak a taste of clothes for about five minutes , and then put in ventilated place to dry clothes on it !
3 , pen and India to deal with the clothes down on alcohol first fountain pen scratches on clothes , every scratch on both the uniform coverage on alcohol , alcohol concentration to use not less than 75 % of the medicine with alcohol . The clothes down on alcohol put this face , try not to touch the clothes of the other side , or the imprint color ballpoint pen or may be transfected into the rest of the clothes . Washbasin with ordinary , half ready to basin of water , the next will be two full bottle of bleach poured in the water , note that it must be a full two caps down. Take along to do mixing, then add a little detergent, the amount you can own hands . Slightly even after mixing, allow detergent to fully dissolve in water . Well, now clothes are soaked in water , time is twenty minutes. Time is up, wash clothes , a little mark is gone !
If the ball-point pen marks and traces of heavy, using the above method if the surviving ruins , and finally add soap and gently rub with toothpaste , then rinse . ( But non with open blisters ! )
Clothing stains ballpoint pen marks there is another solution : that is, do not rush to put the clothes into the water , but the first wash with gasoline touches the part of the wash .
4 , washing clothes soy sauce stains
One approach: need to use sugar . First, the local water soaked with dirt , and then sprinkle with a spoonful of sugar, rub their hands . We can see part of the track has touches of soy sauce, sugar , and then washed with water , can remove stains.
Option two : the need to use baking soda . The white vest soaked in soy sauce stained the place painted soda stains , wash with water after 10 minutes , you can get rid of soy sauce stains .
Option three : the need to use fresh lotus root, lotus root knife to cut fresh , fresh lotus root juice applied to the track at the soy sauce , 10 minutes after washing in water , you can get rid of soy sauce stains .
5 , washing clothes with paint
Clothes rubs paint how to do it ? Way is to wipe the  titanium dioxide anatase sticky oil cooler parts of the paint , because the cool oil soluble substances contained in the paint , after rinse . If coated with water-soluble paint ( such as water-soluble paint, latex paint ) and home interior paint , a wash water that is lost in time ; paint if nylon fabric is stain , rub can be coated with lard , and then use detergent immersion , water drift net .
6 , clean grass stains
You need to prepare one hundred grams of salt , addition, you also need to prepare 1000 g of water . Pour water into a container, mix by hand , stained with grass stains the clothes into the pot , soak in salt water for 10 minutes. The clothes into the washing in water , and you will find that you can easily stubborn grass stains to wash it.
7 , cleaning stained clothes
Into the warm water in the washing machine , start the washing machine rinse , add 84 disinfectant , add about one-third Bangang water bottle disinfectant, dilute , add clothes , covered with cover, rinse about 25 minutes , after 25 minutes remove clothing, clothes to dry , you restore the original color.
If you want to avoid the clothes do not fade, bought back the new Yiyi , must put some salt in the water ( a bucket of water a teaspoon ) , washed to immediately rinse with water , do not soak too long, oh ! Finally, do not in the sun exposure , sun Oh will dye degeneration . Should be placed in  chromium oxide a cool ventilated place to dry .
8 , cleaning blood
Just addicted , they should immediately wash with cold water or dilute brine ( disabled hot water, because blood contains proteins , when heated, will be solidified , not easy to melt ) , then soap or 10% potassium iodide solution to clean ; pounded with white radish juice grated carrot mixed with salt can remove blood stains on clothing ; with 10% tartaric acid solution to wiping stain Department, and then cold water wash ; using enzyme detergent to remove blood stains , very good results ;
If the stain longer time , 10% of ammonia or 3% hydrogen peroxide wipe dirt Department , after a while , and then wash in cold water strong .

Calcium stearate nature

Calcium stearate uniform fine white powder. Melting point 175 ℃, density 1.035g/cm3. Dissolved in toluene , ethanol, benzene and other organic solvents , insoluble in water . Slowly fluorescent brightener  heated to 400 ℃, decomposition, combustible , the case of decomposition of stearic acid and corresponding calcium salts . Water absorption, non-toxic.
Use heat stabilizers for PVC and a variety of plastics processing lubricant , release agent . In rigid products , and the base of lead salts , lead soap can increase the gelation speed. Also used in food packaging, medical equipment and other requirements nontoxic soft film and equipment. Can be made of polyethylene , polypropylene, halogen absorbent to PVC window stabilizer  remove the residual catalyst on the adverse effects of color and stability . As a plasticizer in rubber processing , make the whole into a natural rubber and rubber softening , and almost no effect on curing . Also used as a molding of polyolefin fibers and lubricants , grease thickening agent, textile waterproofing agent, paint flatting agent , when manufacturing plastic LP plasticizers. Also used in pencil manufacturing and pharmaceutical , perfume industry .
Action
Polyolefins polyolefin acid neutralizer and  blowing agent corrosion stability of the color is directly offered ; lubricating / processing aids improve the polyolefins, polyamides , styrene and rubber in the extrusion molding ( film, fiber , copying , etc. ) , and press molding processability. Release properties of the thermoplastic plastics , rubber, and thermoset articles, such as polyurethane foam
Unsaturated polyester

PVC heat stabilizers for PVC transparent three major factors affecting

PVC heat stabilizers of PVC to a certain extent affect the transparency . PVC heat stabilizers are also PVC additives can not be missing , so no PVC heat stabilizers for PVC will lose  acrylic processing a lot of practical value. So people are constantly on the PVC heat stabilizers biochemical research . Here polyvinyl chloride PVC heat stabilizers affect the transparency of the three factors , and we do a study . 1, the refractive index of the stabilizer
PVC resin, heat stabilizer and 1.52 to 1.55 of the refractive index of the visible light are the same or similar, then the better the transparency of PVC products , the transparency is low and vice versa .
2 , stabilizer molecules ( molecules ) of linear length
Heat stabilizer molecule  tio2 rutile ( or molecules ) linear length is less than 400 ~ 735nm wavelength of visible light refracting fewer higher degree of transparency , whereas less transparent . 3 , a heat stabilizer in PVC , " solubility ", ie compatibility
The so-called compatibility of two or more substances refers to the mutual affinity when mixed . Good compatibility is possible to achieve dispersion of the molecular level . Thermal stabilizer in the molten state has good compatibility with PVC resin . Do not form a two -phase , that iron oxide black  is no interface or the interface is not obvious, less refracted light , PVC products, higher transparency . Liquid stabilizer than the corresponding solid metal soap good compatibility in PVC , the linear molecule has a smaller length , and thus the higher the transparency of the PVC

metal soaps some of the major role

 Metal soap a metal other than an alkali metal , a metal oxide or salt and a fatty acid , rosin acid , naphthenic acid soap derived role .
Metallic soap can not be direct saponification of fats , sodium fatty acid soap and are based on the  acrylic processing corresponding metal salt solution was prepared by metathesis reaction , also useful for fatty acid and metal powder obtained melting method , but the quality is not high. Common metallic soap of calcium , magnesium, zinc , lead, aluminum , manganese, iron , cobalt , nickel, molybdenum , barium , cadmium and so on. Generally insoluble in water, insoluble in ethanol most , some can be dissolved in turpentine or ligroin , some can be dispersed in the other organic solvents or drying oil .
Mainly used in paint industry and the plastics industry , mainly in the coatings industry as oil-based paints , coatings and  titanium dioxide anatase alkyd paints phenolic driers . In the plastics industry , can be used as stabilizers. In addition, also for the preparation of greases , waterproofing agents , preservatives , cosmetics and pharmaceutical products. Where the use of metal soap formed by metal salts and organic fertilizer can construct Wong . But as a general alkali metal soaps are dissolved in water , washed our common soap is such a case . And the other is an alkaline earth metal and heavy metal soaps generated , are not soluble in water, but soluble in organic solvent , referred to herein metallic soap , soap entails in terms of the latter category . Metallic soaps very wide range of applications , this is really special because it has a relatively structural reason. Metal soap a metal other than an alkali metal , a metal oxide or salt and a fatty acid , rosin acid , naphthenic acid soap derived role .
Metallic soap can not be direct saponification of fats , sodium fatty acid soap and are based on the corresponding metal salt solution was prepared by metathesis reaction , also useful for fatty acid and  iron oxide metal powder obtained melting method , but the quality is not high. Common metallic soap of calcium , magnesium, zinc , lead, aluminum , manganese, iron , cobalt , nickel, molybdenum , barium , cadmium and so on. Generally insoluble in water, insoluble in ethanol most , some can be dissolved in turpentine or ligroin , some can be dispersed in the other organic solvents or drying oil .
Mainly used in paint industry and the plastics industry , mainly in the coatings industry as oil-based paints , coatings and alkyd paints phenolic driers . In the plastics industry , can be used as stabilizers. In addition, also for the preparation of greases , waterproofing agents , preservatives , cosmetics and pharmaceutical products.

PVC heat stabilizer mechanism of heat

In the process, PVC thermal decomposition little change for other properties, mainly affects the color of the finished product, pvc heat stabilizers may be added to suppress the initial coloring products. When stripped of HCl mass fraction of 0.1%, PVC color began to change. Formation of conjugated double bonds according to the number of different, PVC will show different colors (yellow, orange, red, brown, black). If the aluminum stearate  thermal decomposition of PVC in the presence of oxygen, it will be colloidal carbon, a peroxide, a carbonyl group and an ester-based compound formation. However, use of the product for a long time, PVC thermal degradation of the material properties of great added pvc PVC heat stabilizer can delay the degradation time or the lower the degree of degradation of PVC.
In the course of processing PVC heat stabilizer may be added to inhibit the degradation of the PVC, thermal stabilizer pvc then play a major role are: chlorine atoms by  vegetable stearic acid displacing the unstable, the absorption of hydrogen chloride, and the addition reaction of the unsaturated sites, etc. inhibiting the degradation of PVC molecules. Ideal thermal stabilizer should have multiple functions: (1) replacement lively, unstable substituent bonded to a tertiary carbon atom such as a chlorine atom or allyl chloride, to form a stable structure; (2) and the titanium dioxide  absorption and PVC processing release of HCl, HCl elimination autocatalytic degradation; (3) and on the degradation or passivating the catalytic metal ions and other harmful impurities; (4) by means of a chemical reaction barrier forms unsaturated bond breaking the continued growth inhibiting degradation coloring; (5) is preferably a protective shielding to ultraviolet light.
 

PVC heat stabilizers aggregation structure

Performance of PVC heat stabilizers, it must be possible for PVC structure and evolution of condensed matter research, the following come to you to do an analysis.
First, PVC aggregation structure
PVC by suspension polymerization, emulsion polymerization, bulk polymerization, solution polymerization synthesis, and tribasic lead sulfate  suspension polymerization production accounted for 85% of total production, except for some special purpose materials, the vast majority of suspension PVC products.
The condensed suspension PVC has the following characteristics: particle diameter of the resin 150 pm, its interior has a "multi-particle" structure, a particle size of 1 ~ 2 ^ xm, its particle structure similar to "pomegranate", that is the PVC resin particles the  vegetable stearic acid secondary particles are aggregated together, and in turn, the secondary particle diameter of 1 (K50 nm primary particles piled up each other. Overall though PVC is generally considered to be an amorphous polymer, but its interior is still containing 5% of the crystallites. of PVC carbon - chlorine bond strongly polar, this part of the crystallite melting point of up to 200 V or more, making a lot of crystallites do not melt in the process of this part of the base microcrystalline as physical crosslinking points in the role.
Second, the processing aids in the processing of condensed structure Evolution
At lower processing temperatures, the resin particles are used as mobile unit under the action of force and heat extrusion friction with each other, is destroyed gradually as the primary and secondary particles. When the temperature is higher than the glass transition temperature of PVC, the agglomeration of the polymer particles in the secondary  PVC foaming board stabilizer chain starts moving, and formed at the surface of the secondary particle entangled network structure three-dimensional space.
Intermolecular forces of PVC large capacity is low and the molecular chain exercise special PVC particles condensed structure to poor heat when heated; particle suspension stabilizer present on the surface film, the hard particles melt microcrystalline, Suspended particles makes it difficult to form an effective tangles. These factors lead to slow plasticized PVC, low melt strength, defective rate, seriously affecting the production efficiency and product quality. Research results show that even at the end of the extrusion molding, only 60 to 65% of the secondary particles to complete plasticization. Resulting PVC solid particles containing a secondary structure of the "filler material", in addition to the secondary particle entanglement of the segment during the cooling after the formation of a new ceramic, PVC heat stabilizer gives the unique structural features and performance.

How to detect PVC stabilizer

1 hydrotalcite, organic auxiliary classes of organic compounds such as single-use type, the thermal stability is not good, often with a metal-containing heat stabilizer compound used. Currently used thermal stabilizers are organic polyols, phosphite, epoxidized soybean oil, 1,3 - dione. Polyhydric alcohol is the mechanism: generating a complex  plastic processing aid catalytic effect of chloride, thereby enhancing the effect of the thermal stability of metal. The most commonly used polyols are pentaerythritol, dipentaerythritol sorbic alcohol. Pentaerythritol heat stabilizer for calcium zinc thermal stabilization studied polyols for PVC processing performance. Organic phosphite heat stabilizer is the most important and the largest use one, when compounded with the metal soap is used, the effect is obvious. Commonly used are alkyl and aryl phosphites. Epoxy oils has attracted more and more people's attention, such compounds are characterized by a molecule containing one or more epoxy groups, PVC heat generated when hydrogen chloride, an epoxy group to quickly react with , blocking the hydrogen chloride from the catalyst for PVC, thereby improving the thermal stability of PVC. As the epoxy oils of PVC has a strong plasticizing action and non-toxic, in recent years, many such as food packaging for soft cork bottle plasticizers and heat stabilizers. Wu Maoying other studies β-diketone compound and zinc heat stabilizing effect, that the β-diketone complexes of zinc with excellent thermal stability performance. PVC heat stabilizers organic research is entering the 21st century one of the hot variety of organic compounds and their derivatives stabilizing effect on PVC, typical substances vanillin - Schiff base, barbituric acid, etc. These organic has titanium dioxide anatase  excellent thermal stability. In addition to the organic auxiliary heat stabilizers, thermal stability of the PVC industry, hydrotalcite, synthetic zeolites, and other inorganic perchlorate also used in supplemental heat stabilizers. Hydrotalcite layered inorganic metal material, its molecular formula is: water of crystallization with both a conventional synthesized by coprecipitation method. When a hydrotalcite is used as heat stabilizers for PVC, and PVC processing can be released during the degradation reaction of hydrogen chloride, when the hydrotalcite is used alone as heat stabilizers for PVC, the effect is not ideal, and a metal soap compound generally used. Hydrotalcite obvious disadvantage is poor compatibility with PVC, in recent years, different researchers by reducing the size of the hydrotalcite to improve their dispersion in PVC or molecular modification hydrotalcite enhance compatibility. Synthetic zeolite molecular sieves or more types of structure of the compound, usually containing oxides of silicon and aluminum composite, also contain water of crystallization, the molecule containing regular pore structure. In recent years, zeolite PVC industry as a heat stabilizer also been studied and used. Using an oil bath pot, built glycerin, will be tested PVC heat stabilizers mixed with the material after being loaded into a small test tube, so that the material becomes a slight concussion and firm, and then placed in an oil bath pot among glycerol oil bath pot set in advance a temperature of approximately 170 ℃, PVC material within the small tube and the upper surface of the upper surface level of glycerin, small tube top, with a thin tube inserted into the plug, the upper and lower transparent glass, the glass tube Congo red paper hit the bottom of the roll inserted so Congo red paper with the lower edge of the upper edge of the PVC material is located about 2 cm. Record the test tube to the test tube from Congo red paper turns blue start time is the thermal stabilization time. When the PVC at about 170 ℃ the temperature, will decompose rapidly, but the addition of the heat stabilizer, suppresses the decomposition, with time, the heat stabilizer consumption occurs when the consumption is completed, PVC drastically stars explain the release of HCl gas, this time, the test tube as Congo Red reagent reacts easily with HCl discoloration, immediately apparent, recorded at this time time, by the length of time to judge the merits of the effect of heat stabilizers. 2.2 Preparation of the static oven test in addition to thermal stability of PVC powder and other agents other processing aids (such as lubricants, impact modifiers, fillers, etc.) of the high-speed mixed sample. The sample must be taken, according to certain proportion of different thermal stabilizers, after mixing, add to the double-stick kneading machine for preparation of test pieces, generally without the addition of a plasticizer in the case, two roll temperature is set at 160 ~ 180 ℃, adding a plasticizer, the roller temperature is generally about 140 ℃. Tabletting using two stick repeatedly to obtain a uniform film after the backsheet, and clip, a certain size with different samples PVC heat stabilizer. Different PVC sheet placed in a test fixture, and then placed at constant temperature (180 ℃) of the oven at regular intervals (eg 10 min or 15 min), to record the color change of the test piece until the black so far. An oven aging test, can determine the thermal stability of PVC heat stabilizer effect to the merits, particularly ability to inhibit the color change is generally believed that, PVC heat, the color will occur white - yellow - brown - brown - black range from shallow deep changes, through a certain period of time to determine the color of PVC degradation. Torque rheometer torque rheometer is an imitation of the actual PVC processing of a typical small pilot-type apparatus. Torque Rheometer advance the set temperature, when the temperature rose to specify and steady speed, will be weighed mixture added processing chamber, quickly closed records on a computer connected to a variety of parameters, namely flow curve. After processing, you can also get different extrudate physical characteristics, such as whiteness, whether shaping, smoothness and so on. These parameters can determine the corresponding potential industrial heat stabilizers, heat stabilizers suitable shall have suitable torque and plasticizing time of the extrudate should be preferably molded and  PVC stabilizer for pipe whiteness, surface smoothing. Torque rheometer in laboratory studies and between industrialized mass production to build a convenient bridge. 2.5 blackened roll as a dynamic measurement test the effect of a thermal stabilizer class helper methods, dynamic rheometer double roll is used in the absence of experimental double-rolled sheet, select the instrument, which will be combined with high-speed mixed powder, pressed sheet forming, the resulting samples were subjected to repeated extrusion until the black test piece until completely black record time, the time is called blackening. Blackening by comparing the length of time to determine the type of thermal stabilizer effect of the thermal stability of PVC. Shelf element according to the design requirements can be adjusted within a certain range; isomorphous substitution can also be introduced by other metal atoms, such as the host layer alkaline. Synthetic hydrotalcite with other thermal stabilizer compound as PVC heat stabilizer, can significantly increase the thermal stability of PVC, PVC material may also be given a number of other excellent properties, which is due to the hydrotalcite has a unique structure and properties. Hydrotalcite Mg-Al layered double hydroxides right through the base of PVC rigid and lightweight thermal stability, introduced the stabilizer coprecipitation synthesis method, and characterized by X-ray diffraction analysis and thermal gravimetric analysis; The results show that the new type heat stabilizers have important environmental value and economic benefits. TGA studied hydrotalcite, lead salts, organic tin, as well as hydrotalcite and lead salts, organic tin compound stabilizers for PVC composite stabilizing effect was investigated lead salt stabilizer system and hydrotalcite stabilizing system with an organic tin compound mechanical properties of PVC and rheological properties. The results showed that: hydrotalcite can not be the primary stabilizer of PVC, it should only be a secondary PVC stabilizer or stabilizer compounded with other compound stabilizers for use ratio of Mg 2 DLHs effect on the thermal stability of PVC most Jia, respectively, and lead salts hydrotalcite, organotin compound were carried out with good synergies and the latter better stability of PVC. Which, PVC, hydrotalcite and organic tin compound to 100:1.5:1.5 mass ratio of thermal stability of the composite system is not only superior to the conventional lead salt system, with good mechanical and rheological properties. Under suitable conditions, synthesized by coprecipitation Mg-Al hydrotalcite series products. Mg-Al-based hydrotalcite adjustable main characteristics of the chemical composition of shelves, first explores the Mg-Al-based hydrotalcite-doped calcium possibilities. The flame retardant and smoke suppression function of calcium into the main body of Mg-Al hydrotalcite chemical composition of laminates, laminates replace some or all of the magnesium ion, achieved through the experimental study of calcium magnesium aluminum layered product type three metaclasses and calcium aluminum hydrotalcite Bivariate Hydrotalcite synthesis. Using XRD, FT-IR on their composition and structure were characterized. XRD results that the samples are synthesized hydrotalcite layer structure, good crystal, high purity. I synthesized samples interlayer anions are good symmetry of CO32-, further confirmed the Ca / Mg / Al Hydrotalcite successful synthesis. First studied as a flame retardant, heat stabilizer in PVC applications. Experimental results show that the Ca / Mg / Al hydrotalcite can improve the thermal stability of PVC. Under comparable conditions, MgAl-CO3-LDHs flame retardant and smoke suppression performance than Al (OH) 3 and Mg (OH) 2. At the same dosage (20phr) case, calcium magnesium aluminum type ternary Mg-Al hydrotalcite exhibited than hydrotalcite and hydrotalcite-type calcium aluminum better flame retardant and smoke suppression performance, indicating Ca2 + has improved materials flame retardant and smoke suppression effect.

Fluorescent Brightener Fluorescent Material Identification

Fluorescent Brightener ] fluorescent material identification diamond ring ring care Material Identification Method One: sensory testing the quality of wedding ring .
Look diamond color [ 1 ] : gold is  PVC stabilizer for panel yellow , K gold yellow , red , and white multicolor, while imitation gold products , mostly copper alloy, lighter in color . Weigh weight : Gold accounted for 19.3g/cm3 considerably higher than the proportion of imitation gold products , such as a gold ring is 5 grams, while the same size imitation gold products generally less than 3 grams.
Diamond ring ring care Material  butyl stearate Identification Method Two: Check mark.
Origin should play with precious metal jewelry , manufacturers , materials and content mark, unimpressed product is substandard products. Inspection agencies such as quality problems can be detected according to Mark to give judgment . Consumers want to buy according to their own needs imprint brands and different gold gold jewelry.
Diamond ring ring care Material Identification Method three : Professional bodies have been identified .
If you need to know exactly the content of precious metal jewelry or a quality dispute should go to the jewelry quality inspection agency , the use of physical or chemical analysis methods were identified. Need to check carefully when buying jewelry inlaid stone , welding is  tio2 rutile solid without fracture , glitches , such as trachoma .
Diamond ring ring care Material Identification Method four : Platinum 950 Platinum 900 difference.
Platinum abbreviated PT, we basically know PT950, generally platinum ring is used for this type of material means any material containing 95% platinum jewelry components , and the remaining 5% for other precious metals, imprint of Pt950. Relative T900 containing 90% platinum jewelry components , and the remaining 10% for other precious metals, imprint of Pt900. More hard suited diamonds PT900 , PT950 relatively pure and soft , higher purity , more preservation. Most are Pt900 platinum setting , but there are a few vendors with Pt950 production setting.

flame retardant: flame retardant polypropylene and trends

 
Describes the polypropylene (PP) flame retardant type and mechanism of resistance ene agent PP summarized research progress and trends. Efficient, low toxicity,
Low smoke, low cost, versatile, new composite "green" flame retardant PP 21st century focus of the study.
Polypropylene (PP) is a hydrocarbon material, heat of combustion, it is not entirely produced by burning smoke and toxic gases, its application is limited. In order to improve flame retardant PP, broadening its field of application, you must add flame retardants.
A, PP fire retardant classification
PP flame retardant more categories, according to the basic performance is divided into inorganic and organic flame retardants; according to high and low molecular weight divided into low molecular weight and high molecular weight flame retardant; divided by use of additive flame retardant and reactive flame retardant. Which, by the use of method of classification is more commonly used classification methods. Flame retardant is added to the polymer processing with flame retardant liquids or solids, including phosphates, halogenated hydrocarbons such as, the advantage of ease of use, wide applicability; reactive flame retardant is contained Cl,, Br, P and other elements and reactive flame retardant class of compounds, are copolymerized with the resin to give a resin flame retardant.
Two, PP flame approaches, methods and mechanism (a), flame route
PP flame retardant mainly through three kinds of ways to achieve [1]: (1) using the additive flame retardant, the flame retardant added by mechanical mixing
To the polymer, to achieve flame purposes; (2) use of reactive flame retardant, the flame participate in the reaction as a reactive monomer,
Grafted to the polymer main chain or side chain, the modified polymer has a flame retardant; (3) a flame retardant polymer itself. (Two), the basic method of flame retardant
Retardant PP basic method comprising: (1) use of foam or non-foam refractory material coating the surface of PP material, to
With oxygen or thermal isolation; (2) through the modification of the modified PP matrix material flame retardant. The second method is the main method. (Three), flame retardant mechanism
1. Termination of a chain reaction mechanism
PP combustion, the general decomposition of hydrocarbons. Further oxidation of hydrocarbons at high temperatures, decomposition of free radical HO •. HO • The chain reaction
Makes the flame should continue. Halide decomposition of hydrogen halide (HX). HX can capture high-energy HO • and produce X • and
H 2O, while X • R • reacts with the polymer and the HX, but also capture the HO •. This cycle enables highly active HO • Less
Less will eventually contribute to the ripple cut HO • terminate hydrocarbon combustion flame to achieve the purpose. For PP, halides
Usually without the use of fluoride chloride or bromide or iodide. Because fluoride too lively, the formation of molecular fluorine and very stable
Iodine forming compound is unstable, it is rarely used.
2. Mechanism of protective film
Flame temperature in the combustion swells into a layer of non-combustible protective film covering the surface of the material, isolated from the air and fire retardant. In
Phosphate flame retardant in the PP phosphate, halogen hydrocarbon ester. They differentiate to form a layer of porous insulating film coke, separated
Absolutely air to prevent heat transfer, and thus play a role in flame.
3. Cooling mechanism
Flame retardant polymer surface can melt at a lower temperature, the latent heat absorbed or endothermic reaction, consume a lot of heat, from
And to prevent burning. Such as Al (OH) 3 can play in PP flame retardant effect. It is a non-flame-retardant filling aids. When the temperature
No more than 200 ℃, hydration molecules and Al (OH) 3 combined with very strong, even at 230 ℃ for continuous heating will not significantly decompose.
When the polymer is exposed to heat, one of the Al (OH) 3 hydrated plays the role of heat. When the temperature is higher than 250 ℃, the polymer combustion,
Al (OH) 3 decomposes to absorb a lot of heat, and generate water. Water vapor, and absorb a large amount of heat, thereby reducing the polymer
Temperature of PP pyrolysis gas combustion products, the speed is very slow, less than the concentration of combustion can be maintained, thereby preventing burning. Mg (OH) 3 and Al (OH) 3 is similar, but its decomposition temperature close to 350 ℃ PP is a good flame retardant effect.
4 synergy system mechanism (1) Antimony - halogen collaborative system
Antimony compounds are commonly used Sb 2O 3, halide is an organic halide. Its mechanism is Sb 2O 3 and HX, generating SbOCl; SbOCl
Thermal decomposition of SbCl 3. First, SbCl 3 can be a long stay in the combustion zone, dilution flammable gas, isolated from the air, from the
To flame retardant; secondly, to capture combustible radicals H •, HO •, CH 3 •, etc., play a role in suppressing the flame; thirdly,
SbCl 3 in flames over condenses into droplets type solid particles, the wall effect reactive scattering a lot of heat, so that the combustion slows down or stops,
HX it off after the formation of the polymer of the unsaturated compound to form a crosslinked polymer, improved thermal stability. (2) phosphorus - halogen collaborative system
Phosphorus - when used in conjunction with each other halo promote decomposition, the decomposition temperature lower flame, accelerated decomposition of flame, burning
Region is formed more strongly phosphorus halide compound and decomposition products, and the resulting gas can stay a long time in the combustion zone, to form a strong
Gas barrier layer, to achieve the purpose of fire. (3) phosphorus - nitrogen coordination system
Phosphorus - nitrogen-based flame retardant mechanism by thermal decomposition, releasing acid and nonflammable gas, in which the dilution air
Oxygen. Nitrogen-containing compound plays the role of a blowing agent and coke enhancer, and phosphoric acid is the coked catalyst for burning surface
Forming a layer of porous coke protective film, heat insulation and oxygen barrier effect, can interrupt the burning chain reaction.
Three, PP flame retardant research
Phosphorus - Bromine flame retardant system has a higher melting point, heat resistance and light resistance, their synergistic effect with. This class is used more flame retardant tris (2,2 - dibromo-3 - bromo-propyl) phosphate (TOBP). Bromine and Sb 2O 3 on the ratio of phosphorus -
Bromine flame retardant composites greater impact. Add appropriate amount of chlorinated polyethylene flame-retardant properties of the PP material is small, but it can serve to improve the impact strength. Pengzhi Han and other studies TDBP and TDBP mixed with Sb 2O 3 on PP flame retardant
And rheological properties, and found that they have a significant synergistic flame retardant effect, and PVC heat stabilizer for fittings  its rheological behavior is affected by temperature, shear rate
Rate and flame retardants greater impact.
Intumescent flame retardant polymer technology is in the mid-1970s, the development of a new type of flame retardant technology. It will contain
There are carbon, acid source and air source intumescent flame retardant additives and polymer blend processing, the formation of flame retardant materials. Intumescent flame retardant to
Former multi-ammonium polyphosphate (APP), polyols and melamine composite component composition. When APP thermal decomposition when generated with
Dehydration of the phosphoric acid and pyrophosphoric acid, the polyol esterification, dehydration carbonization, and ammonia produced by the reaction with water vapor to form a
Layer of porous carbon layer, the carbon layer expansion reached retardant purposes. The disadvantage of multi-retardant, impact PP performance. Researchers
The system was modified. In order to ammonium polyphosphate based intumescent flame retardants, triazine derivatives and triazine ring-containing polymer
Due to its excellent flame retardant material synergies attention has been paid, it is flame retardant technology research and development of a hot spot.
Liao Kairong etc. [7] found that adding a small amount in PP triazine derivative flame retardants, can greatly improve the PP flame retardant;
It was also found in a single hydroxyethyl melamine polyphosphate compound and composition of the best flame. Ma collar, etc. [8] studied with P 2O 5, pentaerythritol and melamine for raw materials intumescent flame retardant (IFR), 3 kinds of functions of the PP as IFR / PP body
Department of coupling agent on the mechanical properties, morphology and rheological properties, that the coupling agent and PP blends, because both
The same crystal structure, can be copolymerized, is conducive to the improvement of compatibilizer. The one kind of intumescent accelerator
Join APP / pentaerythritol intumescent flame retardant, as the PP, flame retardants. This new technology greatly improved flame retardant
The flame retardant effect of PP, limiting oxygen index is improved. By heat treatment and melamine ammonium polyphosphate
Mixture to obtain high thermal stability and low moisture absorption intumescent flame retardant. He believes that high temperatures, with the melamine modified
PP polylactic acid promotes the inganic pigments  combustion heat generated during the oxygen-containing organic compound and the unsaturated organic compound charring. Since
Expanding carbon layer shielding effect, so the accumulation of coke carbon layer phosphate favor of further carbonization coke material to accumulate in the melt
The surface of the oxygen-containing compound of phosphorus to form an acid layer have a barrier effect of the air.
Chiu et al [11] studied the halogen-containing flame retardants, flame retardant effect is very significant, but the large amount of smoke when burned, produces a large number of corrosive
Gases and toxic gases, causing environmental pollution, its application is limited. Halogen-free flame retardants less pollution, rapid development.刘敏江 etc.
Using red phosphorus, magnesium hydroxide, APP, pentaerythritol, melamine-halogen flame retardant, various flame retardant composition system,
Flame of PP conducted research and found that APP, pentaerythritol, melamine, between the red phosphorus flame retardant has a good synergy
Purposes. Retardant reduced tensile strength of PP, with the increase of flame retardants, increases the degree of tensile strength is reduced,
Can be reasonably complex between flame retardant synergy play.
Studied intumescent flame retardant system of PP retardant synergistic effects and the impact of liquidity,
The results show that: Collaborative Retardant PP significantly improved flame retardant properties, the droplet phenomenon completely overcome, suitable
Phosphorus, carbon, nitrogen ratio is the formation of high-quality carbon layer of assurance, smoke suppression effect significantly, significantly improved melt flow PP flame retardant system
Sex. Use Intumescent Flame Retardant for PP modified to solve the difficult process operation retardants, stable production
Poor two problems. Halogen-free flame retardant engineering plastics can improve universal value after broaden its function, but also conducive to
Environmental protection, is a promising flame retardants.
Cui Yan et al] studied the different flame retardants, different melt flow index of PP and PP flame retardant properties of inorganic fillers on the impact of
Ring, the results showed that those who make the melt flow performance degradation factors make PP flame retardant performance.
M double hydroxide composite metal oxide complex with APP, for polyamide 6/PP blends to produce good synergistic flame-retardant effect
Fruit. Metal catalyst to improve flame retardant effect of the flame retardant expanded applications. Mn and Zn compounds as
APP / pentaerythritol / PP catalyst intumescent flame retardant system, the other divalent metal ions can be generated in the APP intermolecular crosslinking
While releasing ammonia and H 2O. Four, PP flame retardant trends (a), halogen-free flame retardant and intumescent flame retardant
Currently, more commonly used non-halogenated flame retardants and inorganic flame retardants are intumescent flame retardant. Intumescent flame retardant is a new non-halogen flame retardant. Because of its low smoke when burned, and the generated gas discharge harmless carbon layer can effectively prevent the polymer droplet,
Suitable for PP flame retardant, so intumescent flame retardant research at home and abroad more and more attention, and has broad hair
Exhibition (two), triazine derivatives mainly nitrogen compounds
Triazine derivatives with a nitrogen-containing compound as an expansion-based flame retardant system in the  processing aid new charring agent, has been shown to provide
High intumescent flame retardant effect has significant synergies. It is halogen-free, low toxicity, high decomposition temperature, suitable for processing,
Little effect on the mechanical properties, no bleeding, excellent flame retardant properties, the starting material activity, can be a group with a compound containing different anti-
Should synthesize a variety of high melting point compounds. It is intumescent flame retardant system research and development focus.
(Three), inorganic flame retardants
Inorganic flame retardant non-toxic, non-corrosive, does not cause secondary pollution when burned, some better than organic flame retardant high temperature.
With the improvement of environmental requirements, but also the future development of inorganic flame retardants development of a trend. Especially for some flame retardant
Modified by [such as the use of silane coupling agent on the Al (OH) 3 surface modification] to improve flame retardant properties, has a broad development
Space.
(Four), polymer / flame retardant nanocomposites
(Five) synergistic flame retardant system
Synergistic flame retardant system combines the respective excellent performance, good effect, low cost, can be both flame and smoke suppression. It can be flame retardant compound, to reduce the flame retardants, the purpose of improving flame retardancy.
Six), other types of flame retardants
Enhanced dust-retardant (such as a halogen - antimony concentrated, capsule, wet body, etc.) of, reduce environmental pollution. The future development of non-dust flame retardants are one of the hotspots. In addition, high efficiency, low toxicity, low smoke and flame retardants and to improve compatibility with the base resin research is the development trend of flame retardants.

metal soaps waterproofing agent formulation and production process

 First, the concept
Metal soaps waterproofing agents known to avoid water slurry, based fatty acid soap, sodium carbonate, potassium hydroxide, etc. variety of organic compounds, inorganic complex composition, a waterproof, moisture, enhance and plasticization.
Metal soaps organic pigments  Appearance Milky white liquid waterproofing agent, a plasticizing effect, can reduce the water-cement ratio, after mixed with cement to form insoluble substances, the mortar filling small gap and clogging the capillary channel walls forming hydrophobic membrane, to improve cement mortar compactness and impermeability.
Second, the formulation and production process
Recipe: stearic acid (4.10%), sodium carbonate (0.15%), potassium hydroxide (0.72%), ammonia (3.16%) and water (91.87%).
Production process:
First, the  dibasic lead phosphate acid heated to melt on the pot, and then 1/2 the amount of water in the other pot was heated to 50-60 ℃, followed by adding sodium carbonate and kept constant.
Good will melt slowly adding stearic acid and quickly stir, this time will produce a lot of bubbles, to prevent overflow. All will be half of stearic acid added slowly added to the stirred water into soap.
When the  titanium dioxide soap is cooled to below 30 ℃ by adding a certain amount of ammonia stir, then use soap 0.6mm sieve sieve to remove blocks, granules and foam, the filtrate in a sealed plastic drum in a cool Department store.