WSD plastic processing aid industry is currently technical level

According PvC plastics processing industry is currently technical level , although a variety of products , recipes using different households but still mixed metal stabilizer system based. In the past, products processing factories with one-component , single-species steady purchase Beng various additives, formulated his own mixed use , PVC stabilizer processing a variety of PVC products, now has developed into the stabilizer born less "factory according to user requirements , composite production, and can be . ne-paeks ( one package ) sold stabilizer products, deepen and broaden the technical support services , so varieties of PVC compound stabilizer designed for user needs , and many more special type of master such as liquid composite stabilizer , mainly for soft products ( films, leather , etc. ) : clean composite solid lead salt stabilizer , mainly used for rigid materials such as articles and cable : for a single machine and specialized product requirements design composite stabilizer ( such as ZFZ products dedicated to the sole material ) .Compatibility with the ratio of the composite stabilizer , based on long production experience , is still a variety of metal salts as Lord stabilizer, with its complex and adduct of synergy effect . Should , while accompanied by a variety of auxiliary stable agents, to further enhance the stabilizing effect of the metal PVC heat stabilizer salt system. In the design of the liquid component of a composite stabilizer , metal salts of the general control of the content of 2% -15 % ( of metal ion , the weight percentages ) phosphite, vinegar, 10% -50 % , 2% -10 % of antioxidant , light stabilizer 1% to 4% lubricant 1% -10 % 20% -40 % solvent . The solid composite stabilizer , generally available Pvc resin together with modified and processed cPE, EvA etc. ) as a carrier excipient , the control content of 10% -50 % metal salt ( metal ion count , percent by weight) , a lubricant 5% -15 % auxiliary stabilizer 5% -10 % .

Iron oxide red pigment

Red iron oxide, may be relatively well-known professionals. But we usually see red items, many of which are red iron oxide as raw material. Then, together we know about.
Iron oxide red pigment:
1, iron oxide red pigment Iron Oxide Red for potassium stearate  coloring plastics, such as thermosets and thermoplastics, and rubber products, coloring, such as automobile inner tubes, aircraft inner tube, bicycle inner tube and so on. 2, iron oxide red pigment Iron Oxide Red for a variety of paint color and protective substances, including water-based interior and exterior paints, powder coatings, etc.; also apply to oil paint, including epoxy, alkyd, amino and other primer and surface paint; also be used for toy paint, decorative paint, furniture paint, electrophoretic lacquers and enamels.
3, iron oxide red pigment in the various types of precast concrete products and building materials as pigments or  PVC impact modifier coloring agents, directly into the application of cement. A variety of indoor and outdoor color concrete surfaces, such as walls, floors, ceilings, pillars, porches, roads, parking lots, stairs, stations, etc.; various architectural ceramics and glass ceramics, such as tiles, floor tiles, roof tiles, panels , terrazzo, mosaic tiles, artificial marble.
4, red iron oxide commonly used in construction, rubber, plastics, paint and other industries, particularly iron oxide red primer with rust function, you can replace the expensive red lead paint, saving non-ferrous metals. High Ground material, for use in precision metal instruments, optical glass polishing. Powder metallurgy high purity is the main base for various magnetic alloy smelting and other senior alloy steels. By the one pack stabilizer  ferrous sulfate or iron oxide yellow, or scraps of iron mixed by high temperature calcination, or directly from the liquid medium is made.
5, red in the building materials industry, mainly for color cement, colored cement tiles, colored cement tiles, imitation glazed tiles, concrete tiles, colored mortar, colored asphalt, terrazzo, mosaic tiles, artificial marble and stucco walls, etc.; in the paints and coatings industry is mainly used to manufacture a variety of paints, coatings, inks. In other industries, such as ceramics, rubber, plastics, leather, pulp used to make arrangements light coloring agent and a filler

PVC heat stabilizers and mechanism

PVC is the first ideal structure - tail structure-CH2-CHCl-CH2-CHCl-, is quite stable. But so far the PVC synthesis method can not be like synthetic butadiene rubber, as the role of catalyst in Jigger so there are rules for orientation cis butadiene polymerization is a free radical polymerization of vinyl chloride random polymerization, in addition to its stable First - tail structure, as well as the first - the first structure-CH2
-CHCl-CHCl-CH-, tail - tail structure-CHCl-CH2-CH2-CHCl-; generate a coupling disproportionation vinyl Results CH2 = CH-CHCl
-CH2-structure and allyl chloride-CH2-CH = CH-CHCl-CH2 and so on.
Generated in the PVC synthetic allyl chloride, chlorine and tertiary carbon double bond in its molecular chain structure instability, unstable cis
Sequence is: PVC within the molecular chain allyl chloride> tertiary carbon Chlorine> terminal allyl chloride> sec chlorine. PVC processing is easily degraded but because
The PVC molecular chain structure, there vegetable stearic acid  is instability factors, such modification not be stabilized, and its decomposition temperature is about 130 ℃, but
PVC resin to be processed into useful articles, molding temperature to above 190 ℃. Therefore, you must add to its junction heat stabilizer
Improved structure for stabilization. Four types of heat stabilizers heat discoloration Comment
Ideal thermal stabilizer should also absorb HCL, remove the active site, the addition of a conjugated polyene chain, from the destruction of carbenium
Sub-salt, to prevent the auto-oxidation and other functions, without generating a catalytic degradation of PVC products. The plastic processing aid  actual heat stabilizer due to
Has a different function and behave in a different thermal stability characteristics, can be divided into early-type, long type, intermediate type and versatile
Four categories.
1) cadmium, zinc soap is typical of early-type heat stabilizers, can quickly absorb HCL, and Cd, Zn in the catalyst effectively carboxylic
Replace PVC chain radical unstable chlorine atoms, thereby effectively suppressing the initial degradation and coloring, but because of consumption of fast transformation products CdC12, ZnC12, but also off the HCL PVC efficient catalysts, which will lead to the aluminium distearate  degradation of PVC material suddenly becomes a vicious black, so
Long-term thermal stability. 2) barium, calcium soap is a typical long-term thermal stabilizers, absorption HCL function only and therefore can not effectively suppress coloring PVC,
But the transformation products BaC12, CaC12 does not have catalytic activity, does not cause a sudden black PVC, long-term thermal stability. 3) fatty acids, organic tin are intermediate, both absorbs HCL, can effectively replace PVC with chain carboxylate unstable chlorine
Atoms, and conversion products do not have catalytic activity.

Aluminum sulfate coagulation wastewater treatment and wastewater treatment with

Aluminum sulfate as the coagulant , it is acidic chemicals, waste water can also be used as an alkaline pH adjustment chemicals . It is a traditional pharmaceutical wastewater , which  organic pigments both participate in the wastewater effluent coagulation treatment , and is also involved in wastewater treatment . We look at what is waste and wastewater coagulation treatment and disposal method .
Wastewater treatment aluminum sulphate coagulation coagulation wastewater treatment to waste water by adding coagulant ( such as aluminum sulfate , ferrous sulfate , etc. ) , dissolved alumina colloid, the colloidal substances in wastewater the fine coagulated or flocculated suspended solids are separated out water and solid contaminants , methods  Flame retardant to purify wastewater .
And wastewater treatment
And wastewater treatment method is the use of treated wastewater and the purification of the approach. The basic principle is to make the acidic wastewater plus the OH or H and the alkaline wastewater OH and H- plus interactions generate weak dissociation of water molecules , while generating additional soluble or insoluble salts, thus  PVC plasticizer eliminate their harmful effects. Obey the law of the reaction equivalent , can be processed using this method and recovered by using an acidic water and alkaline water , acidic or alkaline water can adjust the PH. The chemical treatment of sewage by chemical reaction action to remove the impurities , mainly in sewage processing target inorganic or organic ( difficult biodegradable ) dissolved substances or colloidal substances. Commonly used chemical treatment methods such as chemical coagulation , neutralization, chemical precipitation and oxidation-reduction method . In the coagulation of aluminum sulfate, ferrous applications are more extensive , and in the middle and the most widely applied method is lime , ferrous sulfate is also used for redox .

Organotin stabilizers may be used alone

also for both the transparent where good thermal stability , but can also be the barium , cadmium compounds mixed to obtain a synergistic effect .
Tin stabilizer good machining properties , they are particularly suitable for rigid products . While its light stability than barium / cadmium stabilizer better , but some in the processing of organic tin to arouse tacky lubricant is therefore required to be adjusted . Tin plastic lubricant  compounds containing sulfur and lead compounds contaminating action will occur , so the two should be avoided in combination .
( 1 ) Dibutyl tin dilaurate : The stabilizers can be made very transparent products , soft products are often used in the . Its processing temperature is not too high , the quality of the products, processing Chin have sufficient thermal stability and good light stability.
( 2 ) two maleic acid butyl tin : its thermal stability than dibutyltin dilaurate is good, especially for hard injection or extrusion products. Processing temperatures up to 200 ° C or more, with PVC foaming board stabilizer  good light stability . Such stabilizers prevent the contaminating action of vulcanization , the sulfur can effectively replace the tin compounds . The disadvantage is that at high concentrations may bleed , while in the process of irritating gases released .
( 3 ) a sulfur-containing tin stabilizers : This type of material has a maximum thermal stability , but also can obtain good product transparency , it is widely used for a transparent extruded products in rigid . Usually the hard composition an amount of about 2.0 ~ 3.0Phr, be less soft . Because they have no lubrication, so the application must be added the right amount of lubricant.
( 4 ) n-octyl tin salts : All of the tin compounds , in addition to other n- octyltin are toxic , so it is suitable for non-toxic products. Its characteristics with sulfur-containing tin compounds are close , suitable for hard or soft transparent tube. 4 , the stabilizer tends Although a variety of different stabilizers and combinations of the number of rapid growth, but lead compounds is still by far the most  low molecular polyethylene widely used . Lead stabilizer also has drawbacks , chief among them :
( 1 ) toxicity.
( 2 ) to achieve the required degree of stability , a higher dosage .
{3 ) a large proportion of the volume of products to make steady increase in cost .
( 4 ) so that the plastic colored transparent products can not be produced ( except for certain lead compounds ) .
( 5 ) in the plastic dispersion is difficult .
Especially the toxicity of lead compounds , these dust -like powder in a pinch and toxic or plasticizing process of the operator's health has been compromised. Therefore, only valid when the suction removal equipment can be directly applied to the open type kneading machine, and preferably a stabilizer way sucked plasticizer added to the appropriate ground pulp , or the manufacturer of the lead salt was crisp like , pasty , granular or liquid , particularly liquid lead stabilizers , which can reduce the relative amount in the formulation , not only eliminates the risk of toxic dust , and the ratio of solid and slurry pipelines easier to avoid dust emissions, to prevent lead poisoning.
In the selection of a stabilizer , to take into account the savings with lead . Therefore , the choice of stabilizing effect of a good multi-component composite stabilizer is necessary. Other liquids used stabilizer is improved dispersion stabilizer effective way . Especially cadmium / barium / zinc and epoxy compounds and chelating agents , such combinations are often applied liquid stabilizer , in addition, lead stearate pulp, pulp cadmium , barium pulp powder flying can also be changed for improvement .
Composite stabilizer applications, but also stabilizing agent with one important development process . Indeed, some soaps can be applied individually, after mixing with other stabilizers has a good synergistic effect . The method of the composition of mixed system , not only the individual simply mixed with each other stabilizers , and metal soap -based stabilizers in the manufacturing process to be coprecipitated . For example, barium laurate / cadmium , etc., so the effect will be more significant. Now the application has become more complex mixture including barium / cadmium organic salts , zinc soap antioxidants , ultraviolet absorbers, chelating agents , and epoxy compounds .

stearate some simple description

Spin flash dryer is my factory digestion and absorption of foreign advanced technology , improving developed for drying sticky cream , cake and powder -like materials such as a new type of drying equipment. The factory is equipped with modern laboratories , users can  Impact modifier for PVC do all kinds of material drying tests on behalf of , and assistance to provide test data selection . Works by hot air from the inlet into the high-speed rotating annulus stirring and crushing chamber. Large particles , the larger group than the wet granules are mechanically crushed in the mixing chamber , and subjected to centrifugation , shear , impact , friction and so further micronized particles reduce the moisture content to increase grain evaporation area , low moisture content , smaller particle entrained particles are rotated up , dried further in the rising process . Since the role of gas-solid flow in aluminium stearate  rotating inertia of solid phase than gas , solid-gas relative velocity between the two phases is large, enhanced heat and mass transfer between the two phases , so the machine dry and high strength. Features 1, due to the material by centrifugation , shear , impact , friction is granulated highly dispersed state, and the gas-solid relative velocity between the larger , enhanced heat and mass transfer of the machine dry and high strength. 2 , dry gas into the bottom of the dryer produces strong rotating airflow on the wall material produced a strong rushing effect , eliminate the phenomenon of sticky wall . 3, in the bottom of the dryer temperature zone , heat-sensitive materials are not oxidized PE WAX  in direct contact with hot surfaces , to solve the problem of heat-sensitive materials coking discoloration . 4, due to the drying chamber gas speed at high residence time is short, high efficiency and fast , large-scale production of small devices . 5 , the drying chamber swirl piece set to control material moisture reached very low levels. 6, the upper part of the drying chamber can control the export of materials dispersed particle size and moisture . 1, the air filter 2 , blower 3 , the air heater 4 , the feeding device 5 , the host computer 6 , the cyclone 7 , organic dust : atrazine ( pesticides ) , cadmium laurate , benzoic acid , sterilization , sodium oxalate , cellulose acetate . 2 , the dye : anthracene Kun, black iron oxide , indigo blue pigment , T acid, titanium hydroxide , zinc sulfide , various dyes intermediates. 3 , inorganic : borax , calcium hydroxide, copper sulfate , iron oxide , barium carbonate , antimony trioxide , antimony pentoxide , metal hydroxides , metal salts of a variety of synthetic cryolite . 4 , Ceramics: kaolin , silica , clay. 5 foods: soy protein, gelling starch, lees, wheat bran , wheat starch, etc.

polyethylene wax (PE wax ) in the role of PVC pipe

Polyethylene wax (PE wax ) in PVC pipe Application : PVC pipe sections in the production , there will be not smooth and shiny is bad phenomenon.
Some people do use paraffin lubricant , but  heat stabilizer for foaming board the effect is not ideal. The use of polyethylene wax lubricant of PVC pipe sections have better results.
Paraffin wax lubricant as pvc , since a low softening point , good dispersibility , high temperature in the production process , basically the liquefied wax , evaporates into a gas in PVC pipe applications, the  calcium zinc stabilizer wax is difficult to play a role. Scattered ineffective, out of PVC pipe sections will have the surface stain .
Polyethylene wax (PE wax )
Polyethylene wax (PE wax ) produced PVC pipe profiles would not have such problems , because the softening point of the polyethylene wax itself is high , but at high temperatures, the polyethylene wax (PE wax ) but will become liquid , viscosity, polyethylene wax (PE wax ) poor dispersion , but the light is very good, polyethylene wax (PE wax ) , then a low viscosity , good dispersion , light can also.
Only pure polyethylene wax (PE wax ) production aluminum hydroxide  out of PVC pipe sections until smooth and shiny. Polyethylene wax containing impurities quality will be relatively worse .

fluorescent agent Mask

There are said to be sisters children recently spent a mask effect is super good , the skin becomes special white . Deposited on a one day together , come up with the mask is also very common packaging, the  PVC flame retardant inside one , or non-woven fabric , is said to try it . Day by day, the rinsing mask, I felt really white , and no one around to do the mask on the skin than obvious. Effect is really good , it really makes me this mask admiration. Friends also very pleasantly surprised to say it is only a few dollars , so inexpensive things , I feel really find the gems . Finished I'll pick up a bit and sisters out to dinner , because it is noon , outside the sun king , to the outside I found my sister 's face is so strange , ah, glowing , particularly bright ! To be honest white, but a little frightening wood there ! !
I would say , and she looked at my face , my face felt very strange ! ! !
After dinner , we hurried home. I was skeptical mask added fluorescent agent , and before my sister with a mask all night, she just felt it plainly, no attention else. Then checked the Internet
The following are network information
Adding the fluorescent whitening agent in cosmetics should generally distyrylbiphenyl class of synthetic chemicals , but the resulting fluorescent substances may be natural extracts , it may be some compound component .
Although more than half of the plant extract containing a fluorescent component , but there is little to add cosmetics pure plant fluorescent substances. Fluorescent brighteners as a dye , is a chemical composition , are often added to cosmetics , can absorb invisible ultraviolet light , and then converted to a light blue fluorescence released , and can block light blue Face showing a gray-blue , it is very smooth face . Taipei ultimate dermatology president of Taiwan Society of Aesthetic Medicine Education Committee chairman Fon-Yi Sung said : "We are yellow , blue fluorescence in the hair of ' neutralizing ' down , you can make the brightness of the face itself is greatly improved, people have a washing face on white, bright face on Cawan Wei Shi functions . " What is the harm fluorescent agent ?
Whether natural or synthetic fluorescent agents will produce certain harm to the human body , especially the synthetic fluorescent brighteners, there are certain risks , is easy to migrate to the stratum corneum , the blood , causing mutations that may cause cancer , there are also may lead to human rejection , people allergies.
Detergents on the fluorescence agent already has added ceiling , skincare , there are no requirements. After all, did not care fluorescent agent functions after entering the skin is difficult to be metabolized , so no  low molecular polyethylene fluorescent agent should try to choose products more at ease.
How to detect whether a mask containing the fluorescent agent ?
Can verify the authenticity of banknotes ultraviolet light , you can also use a professional Wood's light , illumination in the dark mask, to see whether the dissemination of light blue fluorescence , basically you can determine most of the mask , of course , not all contain fluorescent the can see.
So the sisters must be careful ah , whitening products effective too fast, probably have a bad component , can cause bodily injury ! ! !
Also , another thing that makes me very chilling , even if this mask with a fluorescent agent blatant kind of thing , but it can still be seen on the packaging QS quality and safety logo, the logo should be inspected on behalf of this thing right ? But such products to the market actually has , let me chilling ah ... our quality on the market of food, supplies and even cosmetic issues , reported on TV as long as a consumer to polish his eyes always say , know how to identification, if we consumers know everything, what will be identified , it is up to the quality inspection departments is what to do with it ?
If there is no good mechanism to test , then we will have to identify themselves , to everyone's beauty and health,
I am now to popularize some of this knowledge .
Commonly used fluorescent agents  pvc additive are zinc silicate , zinc sulfide cadmium, fluorescent yellow , Morin and so on. According to the chemical structure can be divided into five categories : ① stilbene , and certain synthetic fibers for cotton fiber , paper , soap and other industries , with a blue fluorescence ; ② coumarin type, with cumarone basic structure , for celluloid , polyvinyl chloride , etc., with a strong blue fluorescence ; ③ pyrazolone type , for wool, polyamide, acrylic and other fibers , a green fluorescent color ; ④ benzo oxygen and nitrogen , was used in acrylic and other fibers and polyvinyl chloride , polystyrene and other plastics , with a red fluorescence ; ⑤ phthalimide type, used for polyester, acrylic, nylon and other fibers , with a blue fluorescence.
Its main components : stilbene derivatives , such as some lipstick, in which the detergent contains a fluorescent agent. When you use the mask must pay attention to , it's best to experiment in the hand , do not directly in the face.
There is no need to rush , whitening is the result of long-term adherence , and can not bear fruit in a few days . General leather skin metabolism cycle is 28 days , to go through the complete cycle , skin whitening ingredients to complete metabolism, inhibit melanin formation , makes a good whitening effect . Use the mask for three consecutive days , there will be some effect . The best selection of botanical skin care products.

plasticizer simple description

Plasticizers ( English : Plasticizer), also known as a plasticizer, a plasticizer , an increase in softness of the material or liquefied additive material . Add object contains plastic , concrete , drywall materials, cement and gypsum and so on. The same kind of plasticizing agent often  fluorescent brightener used in different objects , but its effect is often not the same. Plasticizer range up to hundreds of kinds , but the most commonly used means one group of compounds known as phthalates . According to statistics, in 2004 the world's plasticizing agent market, totaled about 550 million tons and 6,000,000 tons moving toward . Add a plasticizer based plastics used functions in different environments, manufactured with a variety of toughness and softness , gloss finished , which required more soft plastic products the more plasticizer added . General often use plastic wrap , one is without additives PE (polyethylene ) material , but its viscosity is poor ; Another widely used is PVC (polyvinyl chloride ) plastic wrap, a large number of plasticizers to make PVC material becomes soft and increases viscosity, very suitable for fresh food packaging.
Use concrete plasticizer ( superplasticizer ) , can increase the workability of the mixture is not easy to produce cellular facilitate construction , thereby reducing the water content ratio , increase the intensity . The wall material can be increased by adding a mixture of plasticizers liquefaction degree , so they do not add too much water , can reduce the time required for drying the wall .
Basic categories
Internal plasticizer
Internal plasticizer is actually part of the  PVC profile stabilizer polymer . Plasticizers are generally within the polymer during the polymerization of the second monomer introduced . Since the second monomer in the polymer molecular structure , reducing the polymer molecule chains are isotactic , which reduces the crystallinity of the polymer chain . Such as vinyl chloride - vinyl acetate copolymer softer than vinyl chloride homopolymer . The use of plasticizers within the temperature range is relatively narrow , and must be added during the polymerization , so use less internal plasticizer .
External plasticizer
External plasticizer is a low molecular weight compounds or polymers , it is required to add the polymer plasticized , increase the plasticity of polymers . External plasticizer is generally a high boiling point of less volatile liquid or low melting point solids , and the  stearate magnesium vast majority of organic compounds are esters . Usually they do not react with the polymer , and the interaction of the polymer mainly in the swelling action of elevated temperatures , with the polymer to form a solid solution . External plasticizers production and a more comprehensive and easy to use, very wide application . Now people are referring to the general said plasticizer external plasticizer. Dioctyl phthalate (DOP) and dibutyl phthalate (DBP) are outside the plasticizer

how to distinguish good plasticizer

Resin has good compatibility , compatibility is insufficient, the pneumatic tube plasticizer separated from the resin , the performance of exudation, sweating phenomenon. Pneumatic tubes zinc stearate  incompatible with the resin plasticizer , plasticizing efficiency of the question.
Plasticizer variety, then have what conditions it can be called a good plasticizer , today teach you the recipe :
1 . High plasticizing efficiency , with less to obtain a higher amount of added plasticizing effect .
2 . Good compatibility with resin , compatibility is insufficient, the pneumatic tube plasticizer separated from the  chromium oxide resin , the performance of exudation, sweating phenomenon. Pneumatic tubes incompatible with the resin plasticizer , plasticizing efficiency of the question.
3 . Low volatility, reduce and pneumatic tube forming volatile loss during storage for pneumatic tube performance. Car decoration , wire and cable and other areas have higher requirements for volatile . 4 . Durability , water , oil, organic solvent extraction .
5 . Do not migrate , pneumatic tube plasticizers are not supposed to come into contact with other solid medium diffusion .
6 . Cold, and requires the processing temperature is still good softness . This agricultural films and outdoor use  aluminium stearate pneumatic tubes is very important.
7 . Good heat resistance , requiring the use of higher processing temperatures and temperature stable .
8 . Non-toxic, tasteless , odorless and colorless.
9 . Good resistance to fungal
10 . Flame retardant
11 . Good electrical insulation
12 stain resistance, chemical etching
13 . When the plastisol is used , requires that the preparation of the plastisol viscosity stability is good.

waterproofing agent, metal soap simple introduction

Waterproofing agents of metal soaps soluble metal soaps (the soluble soap ) waterproofing agent , and asphaltenes II metal soap waterproofing agent . Water soluble metal soaps agent is stearic acid , ammonia , potassium hydroxide ( or soda) and water heating by mixing fluorescent brightener  a saponified preparation waterproofing agent . This product is a paste -like, mixed with the cement mortar or concrete, the cement particles and aggregates can form a hydrophobic adsorption layer and between the formation of insoluble matter , from the tiny pores and clogging the PVC foaming board stabilizer  capillary filling passage effect. Bituminous waterproofing agent is a metal soap liquid petroleum asphalt, lime and water, mixing, grinding is made by drying . Mixed with the cement mortar and concrete ... a pore size in the nanometer to millimeter . If the surface in contact with the aqueous solution by capillary action will be adsorbed to the surface of concrete and further penetrate into the concrete ; same time , the solution of harmful substances such as chlorine ion , sulfate ion and the like can also be easily transported water into the concrete , reinforced concrete structure to bring serious corrosion damage [ 1 ] . At present , domestic and foreign has been widely white foaming agent  adopted penetration waterproofing agent on the concrete surface water treatment [ 2 ] , but using this traditional approach , the penetration depth of the water repellent is very limited , and in some special cases waterproof effect is not very satisfactory . If you can water repellent mortar or concrete as a component incorporated therein , its protection would be better, this approach is within the mixed water treatment. This paper mainly uses four different types , two kinds of different dosage of metal soap , add it to the concrete mixture to compare , test and research within the mixed metal soap of concrete compressive strength, water absorption coefficient by capillarity and resistance to chloride ion intrusion ability.

anti-rust paint with non-toxic paint some progress

Metals and their alloys applications throughout all areas of the national economy . According to statistics, the global annual metal loss due to corrosion caused by the annual metal production capacity of up to 20% to 40 %, about earthquakes, floods, typhoons and other natural disasters, the sum of six times , resulting in huge economic losses. Meanwhile metal  aluminum stearate corrosion damage of equipment and facilities will also affect the stability of production and disrupt people's lives in order and even lead to accidents resulting in personal injury. Therefore, the metal corrosion is very important [ 1-3 ] . Organic coatings against corrosion has become by far the most effective, most economical and most common method [ 4 ] , with excellent performance, ease of manufacture , low price and a number of other methods can not match advantage. And more attention to environmental protection today, the development of new anti-rust paint environmental pollution became one of the trends [ 5,6 ] .
Anti-rust paint anti-rust paint varieties and dosage , as well as with anti-rust paint binder resin interactions occurring protective properties of the coating greatly affected [ 7 ] . The traditional use of the anti-rust paint coatings containing more chromium, lead , cadmium and other pigments such as red lead, lead oxide , and zinc , barium, lead chromate , with its mixture of the coating while having good anti -corrosion , but in itself toxic , and in the production and use of the process will pollute the environment and health hazards , many countries have strict restrictions on the use [ 8 ] . Therefore, the development of non-toxic anti-rust paint and coatings efficiently has become imperative. Researchers at home and abroad have developed a phosphates , molybdates , borates and flake pigments and other non-toxic and efficient anti-rust paint [ 9-12 ] . This article describes a variety of non-toxic anti- rust paint corrosion mechanism and application progress , according to their mechanism of action divided into: ① physical rust paint ; ② chemical rust paint ; ③ both physical and chemical mechanisms of the  PVC stabilizer for cable integrated anti- rust rust-preventive pigment . A physical anti-rust paint
 Physical rust pigment itself more stable chemical properties , its anti-rust pigment itself instead of relying on the mechanism of chemical activity , but they have to rely on physical properties. Conventional non-toxic physical rust red iron oxide pigments , mica iron oxide, mica , glass flake , stainless steel scales, such as aluminum and aluminum paste . 1.1 Iron oxide red
Short red iron oxide red , formula Fe2O3, its crystalline phase with α-Fe2O3 ( used as pigments ) and γ-Fe2O3 ( used as a magnetic material ) , and its crystal structure due to different methods of synthesis , there are cubic , spherical , needle like type , hexagonal , diamond -and hexagonal platelets . Red iron oxide is not soluble in water , alkali and acid , only in the case of heating to dissolve in concentrated acid , insoluble in an organic solvent and an organic base material , high heat resistance , α-Fe2O3 general heat resistance up to 1200 ℃. Iron oxide red pigments are inert , iron oxide pigments in the most stable , with good weather resistance , light, water, and the role of the atmosphere is stable , and can strongly absorb ultraviolet radiation, leaving the protected goods from red iron UV damage . For rust in the system is based on its dense coating of the items covered by the physical shielding effect for 13,14 ] , while iron red rust on the substrate have the ability , the ability of polluted gases, alkali, tinting strength good hiding power . Due to low prices , is used widely in rust , but the rust resistance 1.2 micaceous iron oxide
Micaceous iron oxide , the  heat stabilizer for foaming board main chemical ingredient of α-Fe2O3, is hexagonal single crystal flake , mica flake as having similar structures , so called micaceous iron oxide . Its chemical stability, non-toxic and tasteless , high temperature , UV, also has anti- chalking , rust resistance , alkali resistance , salt spray resistance , weather resistance and excellent performance [ 15 ] .
MIO MIO divided into natural and synthetic micaceous iron oxide two kinds . Natural micaceous iron oxide is made from natural minerals ( eg iron ore ) crushing, sorting , crushing derived , heat resistance up to 800 ℃ or more, contain more impurities, particle size distribution is uneven. Most of the world use natural micaceous iron oxide . The synthetic micaceous iron oxide due to high purity, particle size distribution, with a sense of three-dimensional sense of strong light , heat resistance is even higher than the natural micaceous iron oxide .

fluorescent color eye-catching ride

Every summer , fluorescent colors will follow the sun together into our arms, thanks to the designers of this  plastic flame retardant year 's contribution , so colorful neon hues , elegant and fashionable once again return to the mainstream . Below we describe several key outfit this season , will not make you look like going to a retro disco party. Flexible use of neutral Christian Dior 's 2013 spring and summer series demonstrates the use of neon -colored high segment skills. Using fluorescent yellow petticoat dotted white porous dress. Models tour Tianyi taught us : If you potassium stearate  fancy colorful stickers on a color , it would take him to work with bright neutral colors , such as ivory , peach , or lavender can be. Neon colors and neutral colors contrast looks fresh and modern, and neat cut pants to inject fluorescent colors , then a little more mature and modern personality.
 Fluorescent colors make leather lighter you are looking for light summer leather single product do ? Then you can consider wearing a fluorescent color skirt, with a simple white T-shirt, this way, you are a single product the fastest way to inject neon colors . If you want to replace the  polyethylene oxide September round neck gray T-shirt, they can talk to you in the fall colors are fully integrated single product .

The main component of the phosphor

In order to understand the chemical composition of the phosphor , we first think of the firefly 's light, firefly light-emitting principle mainly in the following series of processes . Protein + into light into light into light oxygenated enzyme protein ( glows green ) protein + H2O oxygen into light into light firefly protein that is why can continue to light , and bright twinkling reason , it is worth noting that green light emitted by the firefly is a " cold light ", the results of conversion as plastic additive high as 97% . Secondly , we note that the light emitting plastics , light plastics mainly in common plastic braced little radioactive substances, such as 14C, 35Sr, 90Sr , and Na, Th and a luminescent material ZnS, CaS these sulfides of the irradiation light radiation , is excited and emitted visible light ( luminescence ) . Consisting of: Pink color density formula category Y2O3: Eu white 5.1 ± 0.2 green powder CeMgL11O19: Tb white 4.2 ± 0.2 Blue Pink BaMgAl10O17: Eu white 3.7 ± 0.2 bimodal powder blue BaMgA10O17: (Eu, Mn) 3.8 ± 0.2 on white conversion phosphor, the phosphor is excited infrared composition: chemical composition : YErYbF3 appearance: white inorganic powder, grain size : 30nm excitation wavelength : 980nm color: green features : high transmittance , a higher  iron oxide black solvent resistance, luminescence properties of acid substance is broadly divided into two categories: one is the material heat, heat radiation and light, the other is an object absorbs energy and is excited to an excited state ( non steady state ) back to the ground state in the anti- process releases energy in the form of light . Matrix and rare earth compounds as activators in rare earth luminescent materials and more in the latter category , that rare earth phosphor . Rare earth atom has a wealth of electronic energy levels , because rare earth atom electron configuration 4f orbitals exist , for a variety of energy level transitions to create the conditions to obtain a variety of light-emitting properties. Rare luminescent material is a huge treasure in human development of the various light-emitting materials , the rare earth elements plays a very important role. Cathode-ray emitting material - display phosphors mainly used in televisions, oscilloscopes, radar and other types of computer screen and monitor. Rare red phosphor (Y2O3: Eu and Y2O2S: Eu) for color TV screen , the brightness of the TV to achieve a higher level . Blue and green phosphors are still using non- rare earth phosphors, but La2O2S: Tb ​​green phosphor luminescence characteristics of a good , there is development prospects. Recently color TV unified use EBU ( European Broadcasting Union ) color , Pink is Y2O2S: Eu. The computer does not like the color television that the  plastic processing aid reproducibility of importance , and priority to brightness , and thus stronger in orange red , Y2O2S Eu in an amount of usually 5 ~ 7wt%. Pink color television in the Eu content of about 1.5 times the computer . When the light is a substance into another substance shine again when the back is chemical energy into

brighteners some broad application

Brightener (brightener / Optical whitener) is a type of fabric and can enhance the whiteness of paper and other organic compounds. Also known as optical brighteners, fluorescent brighteners . Fabric, etc. are often contained as impurities, and yellow colors , in the past are used for bleaching chemical bleaching methods , add  PVC foaming board stabilizer brighteners used in the product approach. Its role is to absorb the products of invisible ultraviolet radiation into fluorescence radiation purple blue , yellow with the original two colors, a white light radiation , improve the whiteness in the sunlight . Brightener has been widely used in the textile , paper, detergent , soap , rubber, plastics, pigments and paints and so on.
Brightener in the chemical structure have a cyclic conjugated system , for example: derivatives whitening agent  of stilbene , pyrazoline phenyl derivatives, benzimidazole derivatives , phenyl pyrazole derivatives , coumarin derivatives , and naphthalimide derivatives. Stilbene derivatives which yield the largest , such as 4,4 ' - bis ( 4,6 - diphenyl amine triazin -2 - amino ) stilbene -2,2' - disulfonic acid sodium salt is a the wider use of optical brighteners, whitening tradename TA. Such brighteners have been widely used in papermaking, textile , detergent and soap industries. Brightener AD is phenyl derivative of pyrazoline , scientific name 1 - ( methylsulfonyl ) -3 - (p- chlorophenyl ) pyrazoline, mainly for spinning of acrylic fiber , textiles and plastics products for the production. 4 - methyl-7 - dimethylamine coumarin naphthalene neighbors belong oxa ketones can be used for wool fabric , nylon fabric, soaps and detergents and other products.
The largest class of fluorescent  Barium soap whitening agent VBL, CXT and paper liquid whitener . Generally divided into two categories brighteners , and the other is water insoluble brightener . The former can be used for paper, paint , detergent, cotton fabric whitener . The latter can be used for chemical fiber, plastics and other whitening.

pvc heat stabilizers tribasic

The chemical synthesis of many of stabilizer on the environment are likely to cause environmental pollution , the tribasic pvc heat stabilizer is also the possibility of the existence PVC foaming board stabilizer  of such . Now we are on pvc heat stabilizers tribasic whether to make an environmental impact assessment of environmental pollution .
In general tribasic lead sulfate production process, waste mainly from lead dust and lead ions in wastewater, dust pollution comes mainly from feeding port , mill outlet , wastewater pollution from lead acetate containing a small amount of soluble waste . H-1 of tribasic lead sulfate production process , including the non-toxic , inert filler dispersion inverted solution, then adding soluble lead salts , under the action of the n-butyl stearate  polar molecules to coat the inert filler , solid-liquid separation and drying packaging derived products. This technology and traditional production of three salt , a decrease from the pulverizing step , one of which is important to reduce contamination. H-1 reproduction in three salt water , but the reaction with the conventional production of three different salts , lead  carbon black acetate without formation of carbonate ions in water , with water can be combined to generate Pb + ions lead carbonate precipitate. Because of lead carbonate solubility product of only 5 * 10-13 . Solubility is very small , so the low levels of lead in water , the water treatment plant to generate funding for heavy metal wastewater treatment water treatment plant , emission concentrations up to 0.8mg / L below .

pvc heat stabilizer significance

With many countries in the world for environmental awareness and increasingly severe environmental problems , related health problems in people's daily lives by everyone concerned . PVC products used as an extremely wide range of general plastic surface , in the heat stabilizer for shoes  traditional PVC heat stabilizers , containing heavy metals such as lead salt heat stabilizer has a good cost advantage , is widely used . However, with the deepening of understanding and found that in the manufacturing process have serious dust pollution, once absorbed by the body after can not be excreted , seriously affecting the health of production workers ; while PVC products containing lead salts in the course will be varies with time precipitation , which also affects the user 's health, especially in  titanium dioxide medicine and health, children's toys and food packaging-related products is particularly serious. Therefore, the traditional heavy metal toxic heat stabilizers will be fully replaced . Future PVC heat stabilizers are mainly concentrated in the direction of non-toxic calcium / zinc composite heat stabilizer and organic tin in two ways. Ca / Zn compound stabilizer due to excellent overall performance and cost-effectiveness will ultimately shape the future country PVC stabilizer system of the subject. It is also about to become the next phase of PVC heat stabilizers hotspot.
In summary , pvc heat stabilizer study glyceryl monostearate  related subjects in previous studies , based on the liquid calcium / zinc composite heat stabilizer metal soap synthesis and complex research to improve synthesis process , improve heat stabilizer comprehensive performance to meet the future needs of multi-functional stabilizer for the relevant enterprises and research institutions to provide a reference . And soft , transparent PVC heat stabilizer complex study to improve thermal stability . If these problems are resolved , there will be our country's non-toxic environmentally friendly PVC heat stabilizers to a higher level , widening environmentally friendly composite heat stabilizer market and shorten the gap with foreign countries . For widening liquid calcium / zinc composite heat stabilizer field of use has a positive meaning , and will directly promote the upgrading and development of the PVC industry .

How to detect PVC stabilizer

1 hydrotalcite, organic auxiliary classes of organic compounds such as single-use type, the thermal stability is not good, often with a metal-containing heat stabilizer compound used. Currently used thermal stabilizers are organic polyols, phosphite, epoxidized soybean oil, 1,3 - dione. Polyhydric alcohol is the mechanism: generating a complex  plastic processing aid catalytic effect of chloride, thereby enhancing the effect of the thermal stability of metal. The most commonly used polyols are pentaerythritol, dipentaerythritol sorbic alcohol. Pentaerythritol heat stabilizer for calcium zinc thermal stabilization studied polyols for PVC processing performance. Organic phosphite heat stabilizer is the most important and the largest use one, when compounded with the metal soap is used, the effect is obvious. Commonly used are alkyl and aryl phosphites. Epoxy oils has attracted more and more people's attention, such compounds are characterized by a molecule containing one or more epoxy groups, PVC heat generated when hydrogen chloride, an epoxy group to quickly react with , blocking the hydrogen chloride from the catalyst for PVC, thereby improving the thermal stability of PVC. As the epoxy oils of PVC has a strong plasticizing action and non-toxic, in recent years, many such as food packaging for soft cork bottle plasticizers and heat stabilizers. Wu Maoying other studies β-diketone compound and zinc heat stabilizing effect, that the β-diketone complexes of zinc with excellent thermal stability performance. PVC heat stabilizers organic research is entering the 21st century one of the hot variety of organic compounds and their derivatives stabilizing effect on PVC, typical substances vanillin - Schiff base, barbituric acid, etc. These organic has titanium dioxide anatase  excellent thermal stability. In addition to the organic auxiliary heat stabilizers, thermal stability of the PVC industry, hydrotalcite, synthetic zeolites, and other inorganic perchlorate also used in supplemental heat stabilizers. Hydrotalcite layered inorganic metal material, its molecular formula is: water of crystallization with both a conventional synthesized by coprecipitation method. When a hydrotalcite is used as heat stabilizers for PVC, and PVC processing can be released during the degradation reaction of hydrogen chloride, when the hydrotalcite is used alone as heat stabilizers for PVC, the effect is not ideal, and a metal soap compound generally used. Hydrotalcite obvious disadvantage is poor compatibility with PVC, in recent years, different researchers by reducing the size of the hydrotalcite to improve their dispersion in PVC or molecular modification hydrotalcite enhance compatibility. Synthetic zeolite molecular sieves or more types of structure of the compound, usually containing oxides of silicon and aluminum composite, also contain water of crystallization, the molecule containing regular pore structure. In recent years, zeolite PVC industry as a heat stabilizer also been studied and used. Using an oil bath pot, built glycerin, will be tested PVC heat stabilizers mixed with the material after being loaded into a small test tube, so that the material becomes a slight concussion and firm, and then placed in an oil bath pot among glycerol oil bath pot set in advance a temperature of approximately 170 ℃, PVC material within the small tube and the upper surface of the upper surface level of glycerin, small tube top, with a thin tube inserted into the plug, the upper and lower transparent glass, the glass tube Congo red paper hit the bottom of the roll inserted so Congo red paper with the lower edge of the upper edge of the PVC material is located about 2 cm. Record the test tube to the test tube from Congo red paper turns blue start time is the thermal stabilization time. When the PVC at about 170 ℃ the temperature, will decompose rapidly, but the addition of the heat stabilizer, suppresses the decomposition, with time, the heat stabilizer consumption occurs when the consumption is completed, PVC drastically stars explain the release of HCl gas, this time, the test tube as Congo Red reagent reacts easily with HCl discoloration, immediately apparent, recorded at this time time, by the length of time to judge the merits of the effect of heat stabilizers. 2.2 Preparation of the static oven test in addition to thermal stability of PVC powder and other agents other processing aids (such as lubricants, impact modifiers, fillers, etc.) of the high-speed mixed sample. The sample must be taken, according to certain proportion of different thermal stabilizers, after mixing, add to the double-stick kneading machine for preparation of test pieces, generally without the addition of a plasticizer in the case, two roll temperature is set at 160 ~ 180 ℃, adding a plasticizer, the roller temperature is generally about 140 ℃. Tabletting using two stick repeatedly to obtain a uniform film after the backsheet, and clip, a certain size with different samples PVC heat stabilizer. Different PVC sheet placed in a test fixture, and then placed at constant temperature (180 ℃) of the oven at regular intervals (eg 10 min or 15 min), to record the color change of the test piece until the black so far. An oven aging test, can determine the thermal stability of PVC heat stabilizer effect to the merits, particularly ability to inhibit the color change is generally believed that, PVC heat, the color will occur white - yellow - brown - brown - black range from shallow deep changes, through a certain period of time to determine the color of PVC degradation. Torque rheometer torque rheometer is an imitation of the actual PVC processing of a typical small pilot-type apparatus. Torque Rheometer advance the set temperature, when the temperature rose to specify and steady speed, will be weighed mixture added processing chamber, quickly closed records on a computer connected to a variety of parameters, namely flow curve. After processing, you can also get different extrudate physical characteristics, such as whiteness, whether shaping, smoothness and so on. These parameters can determine the corresponding potential industrial heat stabilizers, heat stabilizers suitable shall have suitable torque and plasticizing time of the extrudate should be preferably molded and  PVC stabilizer for pipe whiteness, surface smoothing. Torque rheometer in laboratory studies and between industrialized mass production to build a convenient bridge. 2.5 blackened roll as a dynamic measurement test the effect of a thermal stabilizer class helper methods, dynamic rheometer double roll is used in the absence of experimental double-rolled sheet, select the instrument, which will be combined with high-speed mixed powder, pressed sheet forming, the resulting samples were subjected to repeated extrusion until the black test piece until completely black record time, the time is called blackening. Blackening by comparing the length of time to determine the type of thermal stabilizer effect of the thermal stability of PVC. Shelf element according to the design requirements can be adjusted within a certain range; isomorphous substitution can also be introduced by other metal atoms, such as the host layer alkaline. Synthetic hydrotalcite with other thermal stabilizer compound as PVC heat stabilizer, can significantly increase the thermal stability of PVC, PVC material may also be given a number of other excellent properties, which is due to the hydrotalcite has a unique structure and properties. Hydrotalcite Mg-Al layered double hydroxides right through the base of PVC rigid and lightweight thermal stability, introduced the stabilizer coprecipitation synthesis method, and characterized by X-ray diffraction analysis and thermal gravimetric analysis; The results show that the new type heat stabilizers have important environmental value and economic benefits. TGA studied hydrotalcite, lead salts, organic tin, as well as hydrotalcite and lead salts, organic tin compound stabilizers for PVC composite stabilizing effect was investigated lead salt stabilizer system and hydrotalcite stabilizing system with an organic tin compound mechanical properties of PVC and rheological properties. The results showed that: hydrotalcite can not be the primary stabilizer of PVC, it should only be a secondary PVC stabilizer or stabilizer compounded with other compound stabilizers for use ratio of Mg 2 DLHs effect on the thermal stability of PVC most Jia, respectively, and lead salts hydrotalcite, organotin compound were carried out with good synergies and the latter better stability of PVC. Which, PVC, hydrotalcite and organic tin compound to 100:1.5:1.5 mass ratio of thermal stability of the composite system is not only superior to the conventional lead salt system, with good mechanical and rheological properties. Under suitable conditions, synthesized by coprecipitation Mg-Al hydrotalcite series products. Mg-Al-based hydrotalcite adjustable main characteristics of the chemical composition of shelves, first explores the Mg-Al-based hydrotalcite-doped calcium possibilities. The flame retardant and smoke suppression function of calcium into the main body of Mg-Al hydrotalcite chemical composition of laminates, laminates replace some or all of the magnesium ion, achieved through the experimental study of calcium magnesium aluminum layered product type three metaclasses and calcium aluminum hydrotalcite Bivariate Hydrotalcite synthesis. Using XRD, FT-IR on their composition and structure were characterized. XRD results that the samples are synthesized hydrotalcite layer structure, good crystal, high purity. I synthesized samples interlayer anions are good symmetry of CO32-, further confirmed the Ca / Mg / Al Hydrotalcite successful synthesis. First studied as a flame retardant, heat stabilizer in PVC applications. Experimental results show that the Ca / Mg / Al hydrotalcite can improve the thermal stability of PVC. Under comparable conditions, MgAl-CO3-LDHs flame retardant and smoke suppression performance than Al (OH) 3 and Mg (OH) 2. At the same dosage (20phr) case, calcium magnesium aluminum type ternary Mg-Al hydrotalcite exhibited than hydrotalcite and hydrotalcite-type calcium aluminum better flame retardant and smoke suppression performance, indicating Ca2 + has improved materials flame retardant and smoke suppression effect.

[ FWA ] diamond fluorescence intensity grading

The fluorescence intensity of the diamond grading , the following is zakaly Xiaobian for you to collect relevant information , hoping to help you. Zakaly same diamond , cheap half. Zakaly jewelry electrocution 8 years, he used the Internet information technology to one pack stabilizer  optimize diamond jewelry supply chain , to overturn the traditional diamond sales model, drained the last drop of diamond profits . for the public to create a "low price", " high quality" , "credibility " shopping platform .
Approximately 50 % of the diamonds in the ultraviolet radiation will produce fluorescence, diamond fluorescence color, intensity of the diamond 's appearance ( body color ) have a certain influence , and sometimes even affect the price of diamonds , which is the fluorescence intensity of diamond grading significance diamond Fluorescence most common color is blue and white , followed by yellow and white , yellow, green , orange and other colors. above with moderate-intensity blue-white fluorescent colorless diamond will look more white, such as "Jager diamonds" strong blue- white fluorescent light yellow diamonds also available with yellow body color complementary , looks nearly colorless , improved color grade diamond if diamond yellow fluorescence , in any case will cause lower color grade diamond . too strong fluorescence also diamond will show hazy oily , reducing the transparency of the diamond , affecting the clarity of the diamond , such as the "Pre mier ¨ ultra Blue Diamond fluorescence also many jewelers to create a sense of mystery and surprise .1 fluorescence intensity of the fluorescence intensity level ( flourescence degree) is a diamond in the long visible under UV irradiation intensity level . China's " diamond grading " standard, the diamond 's fluorescence intensity level is divided into strong , weak , no four grades . CIBJO also put fluorescent level is divided into four grades . GIA is classified as strong , strong , weak , no five levels .2 fluorescence intensity of the Impact modifier for PVC  fluorescence intensity grading grading method is the use of visual methods in the long UV , compared to standard fluorescent intensity like stone, the fluorescence intensity of the diamond grading . fluorescence intensity of the sample (masterstone flourescence degree) refers to a set of calibrated fluorescence intensity level standard round brilliant cut stone like cobalt stone . usually consists of three components , in turn, representative "strong" , "medium" , "weak" three levels lower . following steps: ( a ) the fluorescent sample by strong, medium and weak order, from left to right in the ultraviolet fluorescent lamp placed equidistant black box . ( 2 ) open length ultraviolet light switches . ( 3 ) to be graded diamonds gripping tweezers , place the UV fluorescent obscura in comparison with the fluorescence intensity of the sample to determine the fluorescence intensity level .3 . fluorescence intensity level division rules
( 1) If the diamond to be graded higher than the fluorescence intensity of the fluorescence intensity of the comparative sample in the " strong '', still with the" strong " indicates the fluorescence intensity level of the diamond (2 ) when the classification of the diamond to be less than the fluorescence intensity of the fluorescence intensity of comparative sample in the " weak" , the use of " none" represents the level of fluorescence intensity of diamond (3 ) subject to a grading diamonds and a fluorescence intensity vs. the same sample , the level of fluorescence intensity of the fluorescence to be graded diamond intensity level . ( 4 ) to be graded diamonds fluorescence intensity between adjacent two contrast between samples , the lower -level representatives to be graded diamonds fluorescence intensity level . ( 5 ) the same fluorescence intensity of the diamond , the fluorescence intensity on there are slight differences. ( 6 ) in addition to the fluorescence intensity magnesium stearate  to be marked , the need to mark the fluorescent colors.
The fluorescence intensity of the diamond is a diamond grading report content , can not be compared with the color grading . Commercially, high color grade (H colors or more ) , high clarity (VS and above ) if diamonds have medium blue and white fluorescent its price is often lower than the non-fluorescent diamonds 1010 to 10%, the fluorescence is stronger, the greater the impact on prices , while slightly yellow diamond (I color less ) than if a medium blue and white fluorescent , can increase up to 4% weak fluorescence and low clarity diamond fluorescence little impact on prices . diamond prices with yellow fluorescence can often save 5 % to 10% , but the real diamond trade , few people put a fluorescent and non-fluorescent diamonds detailed separately . therefore fluorescence actual impact on diamond prices significance,

PVC lubricants - PVC type of lubricant

Common PVC lubricants main properties are as follows :
( 1 ) Calcium stearate :
White powder , melting point 148-155 ℃, non-toxic, have excellent lubricity and processability, no curing pollution , and basic lead salts and lead soap and use, to increase the   Methyl tin rate of gelation , the dosage is generally 0.1-0.4PHR.
( 2 ) oxidized polyethylene wax
White or light yellow powder or granules contain small amounts of oxidized polyethylene wax , although polar group , is still compatible with the PVC , but the lubricating high efficiency, can improve lubrication between the polymer and the metal , improving the extrusion efficiency, improve a colorant dispersion, gives a good product transparency and gloss . Dosage 0.1-0.5PHR.
( 3 ) Stearic acid
White or light yellow granules , mp 70-71 ℃. Evaporate slowly at 90-100 ℃ , the hard PVC processing as external lubricant , the dosage is generally 0.2-0.5PHR, and to prevent fouling of the chromatographic effect, but with excessive easy to spray cream.
( 4 ) Glyceryl stearate
Powder substance , melting point 85-87 ℃, with excellent heat resistance and mobility, increase the amount of filler , and may contribute to plastics . And waxes and use, can improve the titanium dioxide anatase  thermal stability of PVC-U . Dosage is 0.2-0.6PHR.
In practice, it was found that two or more lubricant when used in combination with the emergence of a different effect when used alone . In profile formulations, they use complex methods
( 5 ) Paraffin
Melting point 57-63 ℃, no polar group , is a typical external lubricant . Because of its low melting point, easy to evaporate , the melt viscosity is small and only in a narrow range of a lubricant , suitable for single or double screw extruder , the general amount of 0.1-0.8PHR. This product transparency is poor , easy to whiten.
( 6 ) Polyethylene wax
White powder , a softening point of about 100-117 ℃, due to its relatively large molecular weight , high melting point , low volatility and therefore at higher temperature and shear rate , but  pvc additive also shows a clear lubricating effect . For rigid PVC single , twin-screw extruder , the usual dose is 0.1-0.5PHR.