Metathesis reaction around the product to precipitate calcium stearate

Then filtered, washed with water, dried at about 90 ℃, derived products.
3 would 5.60g (0.1mol) of calcium oxide was suspended in 300mL, 55 ℃ hot water. Then 51.3g of chemical pure white foaming agent  stearic acid was dissolved in 350mL, 70 ℃ hot water, 0.75g of diethanolamine was added, stirred and emulsified. The emulsion has been prepared on the stearic acid was gradually added within 2h suspension of calcium oxide, and sufficiently stirred to form a white insoluble material is calcium stearate was filtered off and dried to give the product.
4 direct method equipped with  titanium dioxide a stirrer, a thermometer, 11:50 quantitative stearic acid and CaO, heating to melt slowly added under constant stirring catalyst H2O2, and evacuated, to control the reaction temperature 140 ~ 150 ℃, Reaction 1.5 ~ 2.0h. After completion of the reaction, the material was cooled and crushed to obtain the product. Reaction is as follows:
5 double decomposition method was dissolved in 20 times by mass of stearic acid in hot water, adding a saturated solution of caustic  pvc additive soda content, at about 75 ℃ saponification reaction of a dilute solution of sodium stearate. Then the calcium chloride content of 1074kg/m3 sodium stearate was added to the solution at about 65 ℃ metathesis reaction, the product to precipitate calcium stearate. Then filtered, washed with water, dried at about 90 ℃, ie finished...

Fluorescent Brightener - Introduction

Commonly known as white fluorescent brightener dyes, is a colorless and under UV irradiation can excite PVC lubricant  fluorescent organic compounds, it can improve the whiteness and gloss material. FWA about 15 kinds of basic structure types, nearly 400 kinds of structures. Widely used in papermaking, textile, detergent and other areas
FWA FWA is a fluorescent dye, or a known white dye, is a complex organic compound. Its characteristics are able to produce fluorescence excitation light rays, so that the  tribasic lead sulphate dye substances for similar fluorspar glittering effect, so that the naked eye can see very white substance to achieve whitening effect.
Fluorescent brighteners absorb the invisible ultraviolet light (wavelength range 360-380 nm), is converted to longer wavelength visible light blue or purple, which can compensate for  liquid stabilizer unwanted matrix yellowish, while reflecting incident than the original in the wavelength range of 400-600 nm more visible, so that the products appear whiter, brighter, more vivid. In daily life, many opportunities for contact with fluorescent agents.

PVC lubricants narrative

PVC processing is an essential lubricant additives . Add appropriate amount of lubricant in PVC can reduce PVC and PVC particles before melting melt friction between macromolecules ; reduce PVC melt and the plastic flame retardant  friction between the contact surfaces of plastic machinery . Amount of lubricant can improve the PVC melt flow , improve production efficiency and to prevent friction and heat caused by PVC degradation and improve product appearance. Press the function can be divided into external and internal lubricant lubricants. PVC to poor external lubricant , the resin inside the melt easily migrate to the surface, forming a lubricant interface layer , thereby reducing the P PVC particles melt prior to melting the plastic mechanical friction between the contact surfaces . Lubricants containing a polar group , and has good compatibility with PVC , PVC can reduce intermolecular forces , reduce melt viscosity and improve the melt fluidity .
Lubricant inside and outside of the titanium dioxide  points only relatively speaking , there is no strict criteria for the classification . In a different polarity resins , internal and external lubricant may change .
Such as stearic alcohol, stearic acid amine, butyl stearate , and stearic acid monoglyceride the polar resin ( such as PVC and PA) made ​​, from the internal lubrication, but for non -polar resin ( such as PE
, PP) , the external lubrication effect is displayed . In contrast , polymer with polar resins such as paraffin poor , such as in polar
PVC is used as external lubricant , and the PE
, PP and other non-polar resin was internally lubricated
Agent. At different  processing  titanium dioxide temperatures , inside and outside will change the role of a lubricant such as stearic acid and stearyl alcohol are used in PVC calendering initially, as the processing temperature is low, and PVC
Compatibility is poor, mainly from outside the lubricating effect, when the temperature rises, increases compatibility with PVC , then transformed into an internal lubricant effect.

PVC lubricants - PVC type of lubricant

Common PVC lubricants main properties are as follows :
( 1 ) Calcium stearate :
White powder , melting point 148-155 ℃, non-toxic, have excellent lubricity and processability, no curing pollution , and basic lead salts and lead soap and use, to increase the   Methyl tin rate of gelation , the dosage is generally 0.1-0.4PHR.
( 2 ) oxidized polyethylene wax
White or light yellow powder or granules contain small amounts of oxidized polyethylene wax , although polar group , is still compatible with the PVC , but the lubricating high efficiency, can improve lubrication between the polymer and the metal , improving the extrusion efficiency, improve a colorant dispersion, gives a good product transparency and gloss . Dosage 0.1-0.5PHR.
( 3 ) Stearic acid
White or light yellow granules , mp 70-71 ℃. Evaporate slowly at 90-100 ℃ , the hard PVC processing as external lubricant , the dosage is generally 0.2-0.5PHR, and to prevent fouling of the chromatographic effect, but with excessive easy to spray cream.
( 4 ) Glyceryl stearate
Powder substance , melting point 85-87 ℃, with excellent heat resistance and mobility, increase the amount of filler , and may contribute to plastics . And waxes and use, can improve the titanium dioxide anatase  thermal stability of PVC-U . Dosage is 0.2-0.6PHR.
In practice, it was found that two or more lubricant when used in combination with the emergence of a different effect when used alone . In profile formulations, they use complex methods
( 5 ) Paraffin
Melting point 57-63 ℃, no polar group , is a typical external lubricant . Because of its low melting point, easy to evaporate , the melt viscosity is small and only in a narrow range of a lubricant , suitable for single or double screw extruder , the general amount of 0.1-0.8PHR. This product transparency is poor , easy to whiten.
( 6 ) Polyethylene wax
White powder , a softening point of about 100-117 ℃, due to its relatively large molecular weight , high melting point , low volatility and therefore at higher temperature and shear rate , but  pvc additive also shows a clear lubricating effect . For rigid PVC single , twin-screw extruder , the usual dose is 0.1-0.5PHR.

PVC impact modifier types Introduction

PVC impact modifier and sometimes also from the plasticizing effect , it can also be seen as a plasticizer for PVC resins and impact modifiers are the following : ( 1 ) chlorinated polyethylene (CPE ) is the iron oxide black  use of HDPE in the water phase of the powdery product by suspension chlorination , so as to increase the degree of chlorination of HDPE original crystals become amorphous elastomer. Used as a toughening agent C? E, containing 25-45 % amount is generally C1 . CPE wide source of low price, in addition to a toughening effect , but also has a cold resistance, weather resistance , flame resistance , and chemical resistance . At present in China is dominated by CPE impact modifiers , especially in the production of PVC pipes and profiles , most plants use CPE. Generally added in an amount of 5-15 copies. CPE can be used in conjunction with other plasticizer , such as rubber , EVA , the effect is better, but even in aging rubber additives .
(2) ACR is methyl methacrylate , acrylate monomers , ACR is best developed in recent years, impact modifiers , which can increase the impact strength of the material several times. ACR core-shell structure is an impact modifier , methyl methacrylate - ethyl acrylate composition of the shell polymer , crosslinked acrylic or butyl rubber elastic body is formed as the core of the particle distribution of the inner segment . Particularly suitable for outdoor use PVC plastic products, impact-modified PVC plastic window profiles used in the ACR as impact modifiers and other modifiers processing performance compared with the smooth surface, good aging resistance , high strength welding angle characteristics, but the price CPE, high 1 /3. Common foreign brands such as K-355, the general amount 6-10 copies. The current domestic production of the manufacturers ACR impact modifier fewer manufacturers use less.
(3) MBS is methyl methacrylate , butadiene and styrene copolymer of the monomers . MBS between the solubility parameter of 94-9.5 , with PVC solubility parameter close, so when the good compatibility with PVC , its most important feature: After adding PVC products can be  tio2 anatase made transparent . Generally added in PVC 10-17 parts of PVC , the impact strength can be increased 6-15 times, but the MBS in amount more than 30 parts , PVC impact strength decreased. MBS itself has a good impact resistance , good transparency , light transmission rate of 90 %, and to improve the impact resistance while other properties of the resin , such as tensile strength , elongation at break little effect . MBS higher prices , often with other impact modifiers, such as EAV, CPE, SBS , etc. and use . MBS poor heat resistance , weather resistance , not suitable for long-term outdoor use made ​​products, generally do not do plastic doors and windows profile production impact modifiers .
(4) SBS is a styrene -butadiene- styrene block copolymers, also known as thermoplastic rubber, thermoplastic elastomer part , the structure can be divided into star and line two kinds. SBS ratio of styrene to butadiene is mainly 30 /70, 40 /60 , 28 / 72 , 48/ 52 several. Mainly used as HDPE, PP, PS impact modifiers in an amount 5-15 parts . SBS primary role is to improve the low temperature impact resistance . SBS poor weather, not suitable for long-term outdoor use made ​​products.
(5) ABS is a styrene ( 40% -50 % ) , butadiene ( 25% -30 % ) , acrylonitrile ( 25% -30 % ) terpolymer used mainly plastic , PVC is also used impact modified , low-temperature impact modifiers also very effective. ABS is added in an amount of 50 parts , PVC , the  PVC heat stabilizer impact strength can be quite pure ABS . ABS is generally added in an amount of 5-20 parts , ABS poor weather , unsuitable for long-term outdoor use products, generally do not do plastic doors and windows profile production impact modifiers .
(6) EVA is an ethylene vinyl acetate and acid copolymer, vinyl acetate changed into a crystalline polyethylene , vinyl acetate content of a large difference , and the different refractive index EVA and PVC , transparent products is difficult to obtain , therefore , often the EVA resin and used with other impact . EVA dosage of 10 parts or less .

On the plasticizer product price trends

Plasticizer industry chain products remained stable during the November holiday , the market changed little. Phthalic anhydride , the upstream and downstream phthalate DOP market trend uncertainty hold stocks cautious view on the outlook , and some offer to maintain the  plastic lubricant state before the holiday , some temporarily offer .
Plasticizer industry chain products remained stable during the November holiday , the market changed little. Phthalic anhydride , the upstream and downstream phthalate DOP market trend uncertainty hold stocks cautious view on the outlook , and some offer to maintain the state before the holiday , some temporarily offer . Coupled with some during the potassium stearate  National Day parking DOP plant has not yet restarted , some other downstream plants still in the early consumption of inventory, find goods enthusiasm northeast usually because the oil companies today morning yet adjusted Oxo shipping price , Qilu Petrochemical Company pudding octanol factory yet prices, market participants Oxo afternoon on the sidelines , in addition, some market participants have not encore , to discuss the current market cold, transactions scarce , the market temporarily stable prices . DOP prices being stable, but Acrylic processing aid  subject to the following factors, watching the market sentiment is still important : First, the international oil prices rose, the mentality of the market has been boosted . Secondly, the raw materials : Acrylic prices continued to fall caused many market participants believe that there is still some room for downward adjustment octanol , so DOP lack of market confidence ; On the other hand , the domestic octanol factory is still running "deferred settlement" ( part of the market -person " insured " ) , and its final settlement price is still unpredictable. Meanwhile, many market participants have not returned after the holiday market , so DOP discuss much , little change in prices .

flame retardant: flame retardant polypropylene and trends

 
Describes the polypropylene (PP) flame retardant type and mechanism of resistance ene agent PP summarized research progress and trends. Efficient, low toxicity,
Low smoke, low cost, versatile, new composite "green" flame retardant PP 21st century focus of the study.
Polypropylene (PP) is a hydrocarbon material, heat of combustion, it is not entirely produced by burning smoke and toxic gases, its application is limited. In order to improve flame retardant PP, broadening its field of application, you must add flame retardants.
A, PP fire retardant classification
PP flame retardant more categories, according to the basic performance is divided into inorganic and organic flame retardants; according to high and low molecular weight divided into low molecular weight and high molecular weight flame retardant; divided by use of additive flame retardant and reactive flame retardant. Which, by the use of method of classification is more commonly used classification methods. Flame retardant is added to the polymer processing with flame retardant liquids or solids, including phosphates, halogenated hydrocarbons such as, the advantage of ease of use, wide applicability; reactive flame retardant is contained Cl,, Br, P and other elements and reactive flame retardant class of compounds, are copolymerized with the resin to give a resin flame retardant.
Two, PP flame approaches, methods and mechanism (a), flame route
PP flame retardant mainly through three kinds of ways to achieve [1]: (1) using the additive flame retardant, the flame retardant added by mechanical mixing
To the polymer, to achieve flame purposes; (2) use of reactive flame retardant, the flame participate in the reaction as a reactive monomer,
Grafted to the polymer main chain or side chain, the modified polymer has a flame retardant; (3) a flame retardant polymer itself. (Two), the basic method of flame retardant
Retardant PP basic method comprising: (1) use of foam or non-foam refractory material coating the surface of PP material, to
With oxygen or thermal isolation; (2) through the modification of the modified PP matrix material flame retardant. The second method is the main method. (Three), flame retardant mechanism
1. Termination of a chain reaction mechanism
PP combustion, the general decomposition of hydrocarbons. Further oxidation of hydrocarbons at high temperatures, decomposition of free radical HO •. HO • The chain reaction
Makes the flame should continue. Halide decomposition of hydrogen halide (HX). HX can capture high-energy HO • and produce X • and
H 2O, while X • R • reacts with the polymer and the HX, but also capture the HO •. This cycle enables highly active HO • Less
Less will eventually contribute to the ripple cut HO • terminate hydrocarbon combustion flame to achieve the purpose. For PP, halides
Usually without the use of fluoride chloride or bromide or iodide. Because fluoride too lively, the formation of molecular fluorine and very stable
Iodine forming compound is unstable, it is rarely used.
2. Mechanism of protective film
Flame temperature in the combustion swells into a layer of non-combustible protective film covering the surface of the material, isolated from the air and fire retardant. In
Phosphate flame retardant in the PP phosphate, halogen hydrocarbon ester. They differentiate to form a layer of porous insulating film coke, separated
Absolutely air to prevent heat transfer, and thus play a role in flame.
3. Cooling mechanism
Flame retardant polymer surface can melt at a lower temperature, the latent heat absorbed or endothermic reaction, consume a lot of heat, from
And to prevent burning. Such as Al (OH) 3 can play in PP flame retardant effect. It is a non-flame-retardant filling aids. When the temperature
No more than 200 ℃, hydration molecules and Al (OH) 3 combined with very strong, even at 230 ℃ for continuous heating will not significantly decompose.
When the polymer is exposed to heat, one of the Al (OH) 3 hydrated plays the role of heat. When the temperature is higher than 250 ℃, the polymer combustion,
Al (OH) 3 decomposes to absorb a lot of heat, and generate water. Water vapor, and absorb a large amount of heat, thereby reducing the polymer
Temperature of PP pyrolysis gas combustion products, the speed is very slow, less than the concentration of combustion can be maintained, thereby preventing burning. Mg (OH) 3 and Al (OH) 3 is similar, but its decomposition temperature close to 350 ℃ PP is a good flame retardant effect.
4 synergy system mechanism (1) Antimony - halogen collaborative system
Antimony compounds are commonly used Sb 2O 3, halide is an organic halide. Its mechanism is Sb 2O 3 and HX, generating SbOCl; SbOCl
Thermal decomposition of SbCl 3. First, SbCl 3 can be a long stay in the combustion zone, dilution flammable gas, isolated from the air, from the
To flame retardant; secondly, to capture combustible radicals H •, HO •, CH 3 •, etc., play a role in suppressing the flame; thirdly,
SbCl 3 in flames over condenses into droplets type solid particles, the wall effect reactive scattering a lot of heat, so that the combustion slows down or stops,
HX it off after the formation of the polymer of the unsaturated compound to form a crosslinked polymer, improved thermal stability. (2) phosphorus - halogen collaborative system
Phosphorus - when used in conjunction with each other halo promote decomposition, the decomposition temperature lower flame, accelerated decomposition of flame, burning
Region is formed more strongly phosphorus halide compound and decomposition products, and the resulting gas can stay a long time in the combustion zone, to form a strong
Gas barrier layer, to achieve the purpose of fire. (3) phosphorus - nitrogen coordination system
Phosphorus - nitrogen-based flame retardant mechanism by thermal decomposition, releasing acid and nonflammable gas, in which the dilution air
Oxygen. Nitrogen-containing compound plays the role of a blowing agent and coke enhancer, and phosphoric acid is the coked catalyst for burning surface
Forming a layer of porous coke protective film, heat insulation and oxygen barrier effect, can interrupt the burning chain reaction.
Three, PP flame retardant research
Phosphorus - Bromine flame retardant system has a higher melting point, heat resistance and light resistance, their synergistic effect with. This class is used more flame retardant tris (2,2 - dibromo-3 - bromo-propyl) phosphate (TOBP). Bromine and Sb 2O 3 on the ratio of phosphorus -
Bromine flame retardant composites greater impact. Add appropriate amount of chlorinated polyethylene flame-retardant properties of the PP material is small, but it can serve to improve the impact strength. Pengzhi Han and other studies TDBP and TDBP mixed with Sb 2O 3 on PP flame retardant
And rheological properties, and found that they have a significant synergistic flame retardant effect, and PVC heat stabilizer for fittings  its rheological behavior is affected by temperature, shear rate
Rate and flame retardants greater impact.
Intumescent flame retardant polymer technology is in the mid-1970s, the development of a new type of flame retardant technology. It will contain
There are carbon, acid source and air source intumescent flame retardant additives and polymer blend processing, the formation of flame retardant materials. Intumescent flame retardant to
Former multi-ammonium polyphosphate (APP), polyols and melamine composite component composition. When APP thermal decomposition when generated with
Dehydration of the phosphoric acid and pyrophosphoric acid, the polyol esterification, dehydration carbonization, and ammonia produced by the reaction with water vapor to form a
Layer of porous carbon layer, the carbon layer expansion reached retardant purposes. The disadvantage of multi-retardant, impact PP performance. Researchers
The system was modified. In order to ammonium polyphosphate based intumescent flame retardants, triazine derivatives and triazine ring-containing polymer
Due to its excellent flame retardant material synergies attention has been paid, it is flame retardant technology research and development of a hot spot.
Liao Kairong etc. [7] found that adding a small amount in PP triazine derivative flame retardants, can greatly improve the PP flame retardant;
It was also found in a single hydroxyethyl melamine polyphosphate compound and composition of the best flame. Ma collar, etc. [8] studied with P 2O 5, pentaerythritol and melamine for raw materials intumescent flame retardant (IFR), 3 kinds of functions of the PP as IFR / PP body
Department of coupling agent on the mechanical properties, morphology and rheological properties, that the coupling agent and PP blends, because both
The same crystal structure, can be copolymerized, is conducive to the improvement of compatibilizer. The one kind of intumescent accelerator
Join APP / pentaerythritol intumescent flame retardant, as the PP, flame retardants. This new technology greatly improved flame retardant
The flame retardant effect of PP, limiting oxygen index is improved. By heat treatment and melamine ammonium polyphosphate
Mixture to obtain high thermal stability and low moisture absorption intumescent flame retardant. He believes that high temperatures, with the melamine modified
PP polylactic acid promotes the inganic pigments  combustion heat generated during the oxygen-containing organic compound and the unsaturated organic compound charring. Since
Expanding carbon layer shielding effect, so the accumulation of coke carbon layer phosphate favor of further carbonization coke material to accumulate in the melt
The surface of the oxygen-containing compound of phosphorus to form an acid layer have a barrier effect of the air.
Chiu et al [11] studied the halogen-containing flame retardants, flame retardant effect is very significant, but the large amount of smoke when burned, produces a large number of corrosive
Gases and toxic gases, causing environmental pollution, its application is limited. Halogen-free flame retardants less pollution, rapid development.刘敏江 etc.
Using red phosphorus, magnesium hydroxide, APP, pentaerythritol, melamine-halogen flame retardant, various flame retardant composition system,
Flame of PP conducted research and found that APP, pentaerythritol, melamine, between the red phosphorus flame retardant has a good synergy
Purposes. Retardant reduced tensile strength of PP, with the increase of flame retardants, increases the degree of tensile strength is reduced,
Can be reasonably complex between flame retardant synergy play.
Studied intumescent flame retardant system of PP retardant synergistic effects and the impact of liquidity,
The results show that: Collaborative Retardant PP significantly improved flame retardant properties, the droplet phenomenon completely overcome, suitable
Phosphorus, carbon, nitrogen ratio is the formation of high-quality carbon layer of assurance, smoke suppression effect significantly, significantly improved melt flow PP flame retardant system
Sex. Use Intumescent Flame Retardant for PP modified to solve the difficult process operation retardants, stable production
Poor two problems. Halogen-free flame retardant engineering plastics can improve universal value after broaden its function, but also conducive to
Environmental protection, is a promising flame retardants.
Cui Yan et al] studied the different flame retardants, different melt flow index of PP and PP flame retardant properties of inorganic fillers on the impact of
Ring, the results showed that those who make the melt flow performance degradation factors make PP flame retardant performance.
M double hydroxide composite metal oxide complex with APP, for polyamide 6/PP blends to produce good synergistic flame-retardant effect
Fruit. Metal catalyst to improve flame retardant effect of the flame retardant expanded applications. Mn and Zn compounds as
APP / pentaerythritol / PP catalyst intumescent flame retardant system, the other divalent metal ions can be generated in the APP intermolecular crosslinking
While releasing ammonia and H 2O. Four, PP flame retardant trends (a), halogen-free flame retardant and intumescent flame retardant
Currently, more commonly used non-halogenated flame retardants and inorganic flame retardants are intumescent flame retardant. Intumescent flame retardant is a new non-halogen flame retardant. Because of its low smoke when burned, and the generated gas discharge harmless carbon layer can effectively prevent the polymer droplet,
Suitable for PP flame retardant, so intumescent flame retardant research at home and abroad more and more attention, and has broad hair
Exhibition (two), triazine derivatives mainly nitrogen compounds
Triazine derivatives with a nitrogen-containing compound as an expansion-based flame retardant system in the  processing aid new charring agent, has been shown to provide
High intumescent flame retardant effect has significant synergies. It is halogen-free, low toxicity, high decomposition temperature, suitable for processing,
Little effect on the mechanical properties, no bleeding, excellent flame retardant properties, the starting material activity, can be a group with a compound containing different anti-
Should synthesize a variety of high melting point compounds. It is intumescent flame retardant system research and development focus.
(Three), inorganic flame retardants
Inorganic flame retardant non-toxic, non-corrosive, does not cause secondary pollution when burned, some better than organic flame retardant high temperature.
With the improvement of environmental requirements, but also the future development of inorganic flame retardants development of a trend. Especially for some flame retardant
Modified by [such as the use of silane coupling agent on the Al (OH) 3 surface modification] to improve flame retardant properties, has a broad development
Space.
(Four), polymer / flame retardant nanocomposites
(Five) synergistic flame retardant system
Synergistic flame retardant system combines the respective excellent performance, good effect, low cost, can be both flame and smoke suppression. It can be flame retardant compound, to reduce the flame retardants, the purpose of improving flame retardancy.
Six), other types of flame retardants
Enhanced dust-retardant (such as a halogen - antimony concentrated, capsule, wet body, etc.) of, reduce environmental pollution. The future development of non-dust flame retardants are one of the hotspots. In addition, high efficiency, low toxicity, low smoke and flame retardants and to improve compatibility with the base resin research is the development trend of flame retardants.

plasticizer growth method

There are four main kinds: ① thermal mixing: the plasticizer with powdered synthetic resin (including other plastics additives) After mixing, mixer or mill and then at a certain temperature mastication.
② dry mixed: the  PVC heat stabilizer for window synthetic resin powder in plasticizer, at a temperature under stirring conditions, to obtain the appearance of a synthetic resin with no significant difference between the original dry blend powder.
③ Glue: the fine-particle synthetic resin of adequate shear blender mixed plasticizer, the formation of stable and pouring the paste or slurry (see plastisol processing).
④ as a solution: the  Glycerol monostearate synthetic resin is dissolved in a suitable solvent (or solvent mixture), and then mixed with a plasticizer to adjust solubility, i.e. a solution of synthetic resin plasticizer. Top 3 Ways need to be heated and stirred, the first four methods without heating.
Since a large amount of plasticizer, variety, plasticizer production technology tends to two aspects of development. On the one hand is the primary plasticizer continuous large-scale production; hand is a special plasticizers many varieties, small batch batch production.
With the increase of PVC production and petrochemical industry, has developed into a plasticizer to petrochemical-based, phthalate-based products, large-scale production chemical industry. Phthalate plasticizer production accounted for more than 80% for large-scale continuous production provided the conditions. Because many varieties, small batch plasticizer existence of the "universal" batch production plant that Acrylic processing aid  is necessary for the survival of its development still.
To reduce the product color, thermal stability and improve the product further simplify processes, non-acidic catalysts have been industrialized. Use of non-acidic catalysts are less side reaction, the product color light, simple and refined products, produce less waste water quality is good, good thermal stability, product yield advantages.

metal soaps waterproofing agent formulation and production process

 First, the concept
Metal soaps waterproofing agents known to avoid water slurry, based fatty acid soap, sodium carbonate, potassium hydroxide, etc. variety of organic compounds, inorganic complex composition, a waterproof, moisture, enhance and plasticization.
Metal soaps organic pigments  Appearance Milky white liquid waterproofing agent, a plasticizing effect, can reduce the water-cement ratio, after mixed with cement to form insoluble substances, the mortar filling small gap and clogging the capillary channel walls forming hydrophobic membrane, to improve cement mortar compactness and impermeability.
Second, the formulation and production process
Recipe: stearic acid (4.10%), sodium carbonate (0.15%), potassium hydroxide (0.72%), ammonia (3.16%) and water (91.87%).
Production process:
First, the  dibasic lead phosphate acid heated to melt on the pot, and then 1/2 the amount of water in the other pot was heated to 50-60 ℃, followed by adding sodium carbonate and kept constant.
Good will melt slowly adding stearic acid and quickly stir, this time will produce a lot of bubbles, to prevent overflow. All will be half of stearic acid added slowly added to the stirred water into soap.
When the  titanium dioxide soap is cooled to below 30 ℃ by adding a certain amount of ammonia stir, then use soap 0.6mm sieve sieve to remove blocks, granules and foam, the filtrate in a sealed plastic drum in a cool Department store.

Metal soap heat stabilizers

Metal soap heat stabilizers narrative theory and literature very much, this article highlights only some of the most easily accepted to be introduced. As it relates to compatibility with the majority of the  plastic flame retardant metal soap heat stabilizers are not suitable for rigid PVC products. Soft PVC products contain a significant proportion of plasticizer, thereby PVC resin solubility parameter range becomes wide, metal soap heat stabilizers play space increases, so the metal soap heat stabilizers in the market mostly focused on soft or semi-rigid PVC products.
Metal soap heat stabilizers heat agencies
Hydrochloric acid or free chlorine atoms caused by both the decomposition of PVC resin starting material, in principle, as long as the source of HCl cut decomposition of PVC resin can be prevented. Metal soaps (Metal Soap) basic role is to pyrolysis of PVC resin in the release of hydrochloric acid or free chlorine atoms immediately be absorbed, and finally then transferred into harmless metal chlorides. Called "harmless metal chlorides," theoretically no longer continue the catalytic decomposition of PVC resin capacity. Metal soap is a metal part of the capture hydrochloric acid or free chlorine, hydrogen radical part of the acceptance; capture hydrogen chloride and receive capability must be some balance. After absorption of hydrochloric acid metal soap will be converted into metal chlorides, however, some of the metal chloride in PVC resin accumulated to a certain concentration, the still enough to endanger PVC resin. At this point a second metal soap harmful to metal chlorides manner by chemical reactions consumed, and then into another harmless metal chloride.
To meet the above requirements, the recipe must be merged within the two metals usually soap. The first stage is chemically immediate and effective absorption of hydrochloric acid, macroscopic manifestation is excellent early color. The second stage is formed after the absorption of hydrochloric acid metal chloride into harmless non-acidic or metal chloride, this step refers to a final desired coloring.
Although the first metal soap formed after absorption of HCl may still acidic metal chloride, PVC resin, or will continue to catalytic decomposition. However, selecting the first one metallic soap still tend to focus only when the "immediate and effective absorption of HCl," so the first PVC resin, a metal soap in the ability to be absorbed very strong acid. The second metal soap in function stress "will be accumulated consumed metal chloride or exclusion", so choose the time of the second metal soap must focus on whether or not it has a strong tendency and metal chlorides react. The use of a second metal soap acidic metal chlorides into no acidic metal chloride, and finally achieve full protection PVC resin effect.
Heat resistant metal soap stabilizer mechanism may briefly expressed as follows:
A first metallic soap + HCl → a first fatty acid metal chloride +
A first metal chloride + second metal soaps
→ first metal soap of a second metal chloride +
In the earliest cadmium stearate, barium stearate powder stabilizers, for example, to play a chemical reaction heat function is as follows. Powder barium cadmium heat stabilizer chemical reactions are involved.
Cd (C17H35COO) 2 + 2HCl → CdCl2 + 2C17H35COOH
(Cadmium stearate) (hydrochloric acid) (cadmium chloride) (stearic acid)
Ba (C17H35COO) 2 + CdCl2 → BaCl2 + Cd (C17H35COO) 2
(Barium stearate) (cadmium chloride) (barium chloride) (cadmium stearate)
Question: Why does not directly or barium stearate alone?
Metal chlorides species very much, but in the field of thermal stabilizers, zinc, cadmium, antimony and aluminum chloride (e.g., zinc chloride, cadmium chloride, etc.) or a strong acid itself, will still be catalyzed PVC resin continuation of decomposition. The barium and calcium chloride because it is not acidic, so even if the concentration is not accumulated to a considerable extent induce deterioration of PVC resin. In other words, PVC resin accumulated too much if the zinc chloride or cadmium chloride, will accelerate the decomposition of PVC resin; if barium or calcium accumulated in the PVC resin has no effect.
If the recipe is only within the  tribasic lead sulphate cadmium or zinc stearate, stearic acid, even if the initial processing will have a good effect of heat, can be expected to post machining heat effect is not ideal. Only within the formula barium stearate, it is a final coloring is very good, but not good initial coloring. Individual hot metal soap stabilizers single product, the heat effect is very poor, so commercial heat stabilizer metallic soap must be at least a combination of two or more metal soaps.
The characteristics of a single product metal soap
Barium soaps are very polar metallic soap a thermal stabilizer, its heat resistance is very good. A high melting point of barium soap, the processing temperature is not enough to melt most of the barium complex soap. Hot liquid barium zinc stabilizer, and barium zinc cadmium heat stabilizer composition is very complex, difficult soluble barium soaps wherein a metallic soap. Barium soap following features:
Final color is very good, but dibutyl phthalate  not exceptional initial coloring.
No UV protection, it does not have a weather resistance.
Add excessive, machine surface precipitation trend stronger; fact precipitated barium soap machine surface phenomena are all metal soaps in the most obvious.
Suitable for use with all types of metal soaps, play synergistic effect.
Hard or soft machining are no problem.
Cadmium soap gelling properties of exceptional merit, is the most traditional one metal soap heat stabilizers. Cadmium soap that require transparency and weather resistance on soft PVC products.

What are metal soaps waterproofing agent

Waterproofing agents of metal soaps soluble metal soaps (the soluble soap) waterproofing agent, and asphaltenes metallic soap waterproofing agent II
. Water soluble metal soaps agent is  Stearate zinc stearic acid, ammonia, potassium hydroxide (or soda) and water at a ratio of
Cases of mixed heating saponification prepared from a water repellent. This product is a colorless syrup, mixed in cement mortar or concrete
, Make the cement particles and aggregates formed between hydrophobic adsorption layer and the formation of insoluble matter, from the tiny pores and clogging wool filling
Thin tube pathway effect. Bituminous waterproofing agent is a metal soap liquid petroleum asphalt, lime and water, mixing, after drying mill
Fine together. Mixed with the calcium zinc stabilizer  cement mortar and concrete ... a pore size in the nanometer to millimeter. If the surface in contact with the aqueous solution,
Solution by capillary action will be adsorbed to the surface of concrete and further penetrate into the concrete; while in solution
Harmful substances such as chlorine ion, sulfate ion and the like can also be easily transported to the water inside the concrete, reinforced concrete results to
Structure serious corrosion damage. At present, domestic and foreign penetration has been widely used for waterproofing agent on the concrete surface
Waterproof treatment, but using the  iron oxide yellow traditional processing methods, waterproofing agent, penetration depth is very limited, in some special
Waterproof case the effect is not very satisfactory. If you can mortar or concrete waterproofing agent is used as a component incorporated therein,
Then the protection would be better, this approach is within the mixed water treatment. This paper mainly uses four different types, two
Different dosage of metal soap, add it to the concrete mix to compare, test and research within the mixed metal soap right
Concrete compressive strength, water absorption coefficient by capillarity, and anti-invasive ability of chloride ion.

concrete surfaces enclosing class waterproofing agent

 Concrete surfaces enclosing class waterproofing agent is applied to the  concrete surface coated with a PVC stabilizer for cable  layer of a surface layer can penetrate into the pores of manipulation
Hydrophobic waterproof material, such as commonly used in China silicone waterproofing agent, silicate-containing water agent, and the foreign
Acrylic acid methyl ester monomer with waterproof Qi cracking and so on. 1 penetrate the surface of the Glycerol monostearate  closed water causes and mechanism of concrete seepage
Mainly due to external pressure, or because the pores of which the concrete surface adsorbed water, or because the two integrated
Cooperation with. Pore ​​water is due to the pores on the surface acting on the surface tension of water in the concrete grout
The driving force generated within the adsorbed water with the rules. Concrete interface between water and the aluminium hydroxide  contact angle of the meniscus is generally less than 90 degrees, the force
Could drive water into the pores which can wet surfaces. When using a certain way
(A) General coagulation on the surface of the twisted 90 ') Tian a contact angle (on concrete
Soil surface moist and pores filled with the composition of the soil water repellent reaction or because the chemical properties of the concrete itself
Soil pores (micropores, pores, etc.) and the water contact angle is increased to more than 90 degrees ...

stearate, zinc metal cold extrusion

 Zinc stearate in the metal cold extrusion processing applications
Cold extrusion is a precision plastic volumetric forming technology is an important component. Cold extrusion is in the cold state of the metal
Blank into a mold cavity, the  Diethylene glycol dibenzoate strong pressure and a constant speed under the action of forcing the metal is extruded from the mold cavity,
To achieve the desired shape and size, and a certain mechanical properties of extruded member.
Currently, cold extrusion technology has been in fasteners, machinery, instruments, electrical appliances, light industry, aerospace, marine, military and other industries
Sector wide range of applications. Specific products such as filter, electric fuel pump housings, capacitor housings, aluminum bottle, cosmetic
Commodities aluminum cylinder, bullet shell, the current auto parts, 30% to 40% parts are manufactured by cold extrusion process.
Currently available for cold extrusion of metal materials: lead, tin, silver, aluminum, aluminum alloy, copper and oxygen-free copper (T1,
T2,, brass, bronze, nickel, zinc and cadmium zinc alloy, iron, carbon steel, low alloy steel and stainless steel. This
In addition, some of the titanium and titanium alloys, tantalum, zirconium, and Kovar alloy, also can be cold extrusion, even bearing steel
GCr9, GCr15 and HSS W6Mo5Cr4V2 also be a certain amount of deformation of cold extrusion process.
Cold extrusion, metal materials produced severe plastic deformation, the unit squeeze a lot of pressure, especially in cold extrusion of steel, the most
Large unit extrusion pressure up 2500Mpa. In such a high unit pressure, if no good lubrication, steel bad material
The particles will be welded together with the mold cavity caused severe scratching the surface, making the extrusion pressure increased dramatically, so that the mold
Greatly reduced service life or even rupture. Lubrication is directly related to product quality and the tool life, determine extruded into
Defeated.
So the use of a good and reliable lubrication of cold extrusion method is very important. Lubricants currently used for a liquid
(Such as animal oils, vegetable oils, mineral oil, etc.), there are solid (such as zinc stearate, sodium stearate, graphite, etc.)
They may be used alone, or in combination.
Lubricant mainly in: 1. Reduce friction between the billet and the mold; 2. Reduce mold wear, to mention
High mold life; 3. Improve the quality of products. (1) cold forging lubricants: For forging, now more into
Successful lubrication method is phosphating metal blank surface saponification treatment. The so-called "phosphate" is to use chemical methods
Zinc surface of a metal material and the porous iron phosphate film. The film thickness is generally 10-25μm, the friction
Coefficient is very low. Phosphate film is firmly bonded to the surface the metal billet with a certain plasticity, to a certain extent with gold
Are deformed together, this layer of porous film lubricant can be stored in the extrusion, the mold can serve to isolate the blank
The role of the metal deformation and reduce friction between the mold. The so-called "saponification" is to use fatty acids as soaps Run
Slip agents, so that the zinc phosphate coating with a chemical reaction treatment of zinc stearate lubricant.
Because phosphate - saponification treatment processes numerous long processing time, phosphate strict quality requirements, while the phosphate waste on the ring
Environmental pollution, and  antimony flame retardant thus the world are seeking new ways to replace the lubricating phosphating - saponification process.
Aqueous zinc stearate as a lubricant with good extrudability, extension, adhesion, lubricity
Its safety non-toxic environment pollutant emissions, successfully replaced phosphate - saponification treatment process (degreasing rust - water cleaning - acid
Wash - water cleaning - phosphate - water cleaning - drying - saponification - dry), to meet the ferrous metal cold forming for lubrication
Demanding. And once completed: Surface treatment - water heating - dipping the agent - drying and other processes. Applicable
Implied degree, deformation rate, the surface of the workpiece processing complex, effectively ensuring the accuracy of product processing, improve workpiece
Surface quality, maximum protection of the mold surface, to extend the life of the mold. Thin lubricant film formed single
Parts lubricated, low cost, cost than phosphate - saponification cost savings of 30% to 45%.
Water-based stearate lubricant characteristics
Brushing the surface of the workpiece after the formation of a lubricating film polymer workpiece even withstand repeated cold extrusion, cold stamping, cold
The drawing forming, the lubricating film can be firmly attached to the workpiece surface, and with the extension of the extension of the surface, do not need
Times brushing. Especially when applied to extension degree, deformation rate, complex workpiece surface, which is characterized more
Obvious.
Product Benefits
A, four outstanding advantages
1, completely replace phosphate - saponification process
Without phosphate, zinc stearate lubricant water after brushing the surface of the workpiece firmly attached lubricating film can then be
Direct cold forming, simplifying the process, improving the efficiency and reduce the cost.
2, to solve the many problems grease lubrication
Aqueous zinc stearate lubricant to the workpiece firmly attached to the rough surface of the lubricating film is formed, can solve the conventional grease
Easily lead to the workpiece after forming scattered pressure is not good, wrinkling, burst phenomena and mold strains, nodulation phenomenon.
3, once painted, cold-molding process can be repeated
Aqueous zinc stearate lubricant lubricating film formed in the surface of the workpiece has an extension extending characteristics of the workpiece
Before processing brushing once, after three to five times without further processing are brushing, simplifying the process, improve efficiency, reduce
Lower the  carbon black cost.
4, particularly suitable for extension of large, deformation rate, curved complex parts
Aqueous zinc stearate lubricant is formed in the surface of the workpiece having a lubricating film which extends extension properties, particularly suitable for
For the extension degree, deformation rate, the complexity of the workpiece surface.
B, other general advantages
1, the aqueous zinc stearate small size, can effectively ensure accuracy, improve surface finish and product quality.
2, to reduce machine wear and extend tool life.
3, expanding the workpiece material selectivity.
4, reduce the pressure to save energy.
5, reduce costs and increase efficiency.
6, the water-soluble nature stearate, making easier to remove surface residue.
6, safe non-toxic and pollution-free, there is no emissions and emissions of sewage treatment problems, relieve sewage treatment
Expenses and troubles.
Water stearate can also be applied to drawing, pressure-, stretching and other metal products processing the lubricating treatment. Pre-Market
King is very broad.
I was doing aqueous stearate, the main research market applications, there is need to beg for PM samples.

Introduction fatty acid metal salt production process

 Fatty acid salt is closely related with people's lives, and its many types, such as fatty acid  Stearate zinc sodium salt (soap) is commonly used in detergents, fatty acids and divalent and trivalent metal salts generated by the use of products in the industry is very extensive. This paper describes the use of fatty acid alkaline earth metal salts, preparation principles and production technology for the utilization and development of oil companies oil fine chemical products reference. 1 fatty acid salt thereof, in addition to ammonium salts of fatty acids, potassium, sodium, almost all of the  epoxidized soybean oil carbon chain fatty acid metal salts are not soluble in water, very low solubility in polar solvents, in a non-polar solvent presented in the gel, only the mineral oil and grease can be dissolved. All fatty acid salts have different crystal forms. Melting point fatty acid salt is one of the important indicators of things, its melting point in the range of 1 8 ~ 2 66 ℃, with the fatty acid carbon chain length, degree of saturation and different types of salt and a larger difference. According to statistics, various fatty acid salts of calcium in the largest amount, about 60%, followed by zinc, accounting for about 20%, other about 20 percent of magnesium, lead salts, cadmium salts. The main purpose of fatty acid salts are: 1.1 for the polymer industry, such as carbon chain saturated fatty acid salts of caprylate in  antimony trioxide polymers is often used as a heat stabilizer, a curing agent and catalyst; carbon chain saturated fatty acid salts hydrocarbons such as stearic acid salts can be used as the polymer material mold release agents, stabilizers and lubricants, a variety of polyester desired fat ......

characteristics

Pigments usually have the following properties:
Color. Color pigment is a selective absorption of the visible light and scattering pigment,
 Acrylic paint
In natural light conditions, showing yellow, red, blue, green and other colors.
Tinting strength. The  ability to absorb the incident light colored pigment. Can be equivalent to the standard sample coloring pigments relative percentage.
Hiding. In the film-forming material covering the substrate surface color capability. Used to cover one square meter area contained in paint pigment expressed in grams.
Lightfastness. Under certain light pigment colors maintain its original performance. System generally use eight said eight best.
Weatherability. The pigment in a natural or artificial climatic conditions, to maintain its original performance capability. Generally use five system, said five best.
Volatiles. Mainly refers to the water, generally shall not exceed 1%.
Oil absorption. Means to form a homogeneous mass 100 g pigment refined required grams of linseed oil, with oil by a small amount of good oil absorption of the pigment particles have a specific surface area and structure.
Water soluble. Pigments containing water soluble substances, in order to account for the quality of the pigment expressed as a percentage. Paints with paint, water-soluble material which normally control in 1% or less.

pigment performance characteristics

Color. Color pigment is a selective absorption of the visible light and scattering pigment,
 Acrylic paint
In natural light conditions, showing yellow, red, blue, green and other colors.
Tinting strength. The yellow iron oxide  ability to absorb the incident light colored pigment. Can be equivalent to the standard sample coloring pigments relative percentage.
Hiding. In the film-forming material covering the substrate surface color capability. Used to cover one square meter area contained in paint pigment expressed in grams.
Lightfastness. Under certain light pigment colors maintain its original performance. System generally use eight said butyl stearate  eight best.
Weatherability. The pigment in a natural or artificial climatic conditions, to maintain its original performance capability. Generally use five system, said five best.
Volatiles. Mainly refers to the water, generally shall not exceed 1%.
Oil absorption. Means to form a homogeneous mass 100 g pigment refined required grams of linseed oil, with oil by a small amount of good oil absorption of the pigment particles have a specific surface area and structure.
Water soluble. Pigments containing water soluble substances, in order to account for the quality of the  PVC heat stabilizer pigment expressed as a percentage. Paints with paint, water-soluble material which normally control in 1% or less.

plastic flame retardant technology introduction

Plastic applications continue to expand at the black iron oxide  same time increasing its heat and combustible and easily ignite, brought to mankind unexpected danger and loss. Therefore, from the late 1960s, people began to pay attention to and emphasizes natural and synthetic materials, flame resistance, flame retardant additives began as an important class of first chemical fiber, plastics industry rise. Retardants abroad since the 1970s began to develop rapidly, consumption and varieties rose sharply, there are around 6 to 8 percent growth rate. Many of the additives in the plastics industry in flame retardant consumption has moved up to No. 2, second only to the great variety of plasticizers. . Flame retardant additive and reaction is usually divided into types: additive flame retardant used for thermoplastics, is currently the world's largest production of flame retardants, flame retardants accounted for 90% of total. More reactive flame retardant for thermosetting plastics; flame retardants according to the chemical structure can be divided into inorganic and organic flame retardants, inorganic flame retardants are antimony compounds, inorganic boron compounds, inorganic phosphorus flame retardant, inorganic hydroxides, organic flame retardants include organic halogenated flame retardants and organic phosphorus flame retardant. Antimony flame retardants. Antimony prices high, heavy smoke, while halogen flame retardant antimony trioxide is essential gn3t}? ^. Bm
Synergists, so trioxide particle fineness requirement is getting smaller, not only can greatly reduce the amount of increase flame jf? V [{! K |
Sex, but also greatly reduce the amount of smoke. Are generally in the fineness of several microns to 0.01μm, as developed by Seiko Co., Ltd. of Japan Patox average particle size of 0 .01 ~ 0 .02 μm. Guizhou Rong Jiang Fenghua developed chemical antimony antimony oxide ultrafine pure activity, with an average particle size of 0.02μm, content of 99.999%. PolycomHuntsman developed "N% vVu` PNyacoIADP480 a particle size less than 0.1μm antimony pentoxide, adding 1% in the PP up a good flame retardant, and not?)? L? AVQIp
Be of PP impact strength, transparency, etc. impact. Another use of antimony trioxide and aluminum hydroxide, zinc borate, fluoride {C?? O @?? WS
Borate complex, not only can reduce the amount of antimony trioxide and the amount of smoke is also greatly reduced. In short ultrafine seek) E??. OaP
Antimony substitutes and reduce the amount of smoke is antimony flame retardantsdevelopment focus. ? G?} 7?? 50
TW2? 4? ~? /
- Brominated flame retardants. Brominated flame retardants despite heavy smoke, because of environmental issues by the magnesium hydroxide  EU restrictions; but because flame-g?? NpH? YB
Performance is good, with less impact on product performance is small, quite a long time in the future is still the main flame. With? ~ PpN? DLFL
International technical progress the development of brominated flame retardants on the new feature is to continue to improve and increase the molecular weight of bromine content. Such as the U.S. Ferro's PB-68 is mainly composed of brominated polystyrene, the molecular weight 15000 containing 68% bromine. Belfast bromine chemical companies and Ameribrom companies were developed poly Pentabromophenol acrylate bromine content of 70.5% \ MW 30000 ~}-n? DdMa / -
80000. These flame retardants particularly suitable for all kinds of engineering plastics, migration, compatibility, thermal stability, flame resistance, etc. are much better than many small molecules flame retardants, may become future replacements. - Phosphorus flame retardant. Phosphorus flame retardants are mostly liquid, mainly used in PU, PVC and other plastics. United retardant properties of polymers is much better than the linear polymer, so thermoplastics plus $? _ZQ]?? F
Adding a small amount of a crosslinking agent work becomes part of the polymer network structure, not only can improve the dispersion of the flame retardant, there are benefits BqOve? S2xU
Combustion in the condensed phase polymer produced coking, effectively improve the flame retardancy and PVC stabilizer for cable  mechanical products can increase sexual? O-YGEjeG?
Energy, weathering, heat resistance, etc., such as soft PVC quaternary ammonium salt in a small amount, so that the heat of the fire-retardant material to form a crosslinked> a ~: z?-Jiz
Material. Radiation may also be used to join metal oxides and crosslinking methods, but also allows the polymer to pay. W #?? VTZE; d
zk???? 0B {
 - Directly generate retardant monomer technology. Directly before the polymerization of the monomer having a flame resistance, so that the resulting 1? Wo? FI?;
Polymer become retardant materials, but also flame retardant in a way.

Comparison of plastics flammability rating

A total of 12 kinds of UL94: HB, V-0, V-1, V-2, 5VA, 5VB, VTM-0, VTM-1, VTM-2, HBF, HF-1, HF-2.
UL94 flammability grade is the fluorescent brightener  most widely used plastic material flammability standards. It is used to evaluate the material's ability to be extinguished after ignition. According to combustion speed, combustion
Time, anti-drop capabilities, and can have a variety Bubble whether combustion evaluation method. Each test material according to the color or thickness can get a lot of value. When selecting a product
Material, its UL rating should meet some plastic parts wall thickness requirements. UL rating should be reported together with the thickness value, and not only the thickness of the UL rating report is
Enough.
Plastic flammability rating by the HB, V-2, V-1, V-0, 5VB to 5VA of incremental:
HB: UL94 standard lowest level of flame retardant. Requirements For 3-13 mm thick sample, the combustion speed is less than 40 mm per minute; less than 3 mm thick sample,
Burning speed is less than 70 mm per minute; or signs to 100 millimeters off.
V-2: the sample twice 10 seconds combustion test, Yu & Yu burning flame extinguished in 60 seconds. Drip particles can ignite cotton.
V-1: the two samples after 10 seconds burning test, Yu & Yu burning flame extinguished in 60 seconds. Dripping particles can not ignite cotton.
V-0: the two samples after 10 seconds burning test, Yu & Yu burning flame extinguished in 30 seconds. Dripping particles can not ignite cotton.
5VB: five times for 5 seconds the  PVC stabilizer for pipe sample combustion test, Yu & Yu burning flame extinguished in 60 seconds. Dripping particles can not ignite cotton. For the bulk sample is allowed to be burn.
5VA: five times for 5 seconds the sample combustion test, Yu & Yu burning flame extinguished in 30 seconds. Dripping particles can not ignite cotton. For the bulk sample does not allow burned
Wear.
The wire UL1581 combustion:
1, VW-1: vertical burning test (UL wire flame rating)
2, FT1: vertical flame test;
3, FT2: horizontal flame test;
4, FT4: vertical flame test;
5, FT6: horizontal flame and smoke tests. (FT class combustion level is CSA standard wire flame rating)
These levels:. VW-1 and FT1 same grade. FT2 most easily passed, the lowest level. (FT6> FT4> FT1> FT2);
VW-1 strictly in FT1, both of which are vertical burning criteria: 1. Burn marks (kraft) more than 25% can not be carbonized; 2.5 times of 15 seconds burning continued
Burning time can not be more than 60 seconds; 3. Flaming droplets can ignite cotton; VW-1 requirements to meet 1,2,3; FT1 only required to meet the 1,2
For wire industry:
To UL 94 V-2, V-1, V-0, 5VA, 5VB assessment is wire the materials used, the test with the test material to another sample of the development of standards, not on the wire identification.
VW-1 VW -2 FT-1 FT-2 appraisal from the  Acrylic impact modifier cable itself, the test is passed, you can identify the corresponding level on the wire.
Wire with UL94 flame retardant are two entirely different things, an analogy of an insulating material through UL94 V-0, but not necessarily be able to pass VW-1;
Another insulating material is flame retardant UL94, and wire flame retardant requirements generally in UL758 62 1581 on; different objects;
Therefore, V-0 V-1 UL94, etc. are not the inside of the flame retardant electric wire; the AWM wire is not printed on the "V-0"!
VW-1/FT1 with UL94 V0 flammability test of the device there is a big difference:
1, the flame height and temperature of the type
2, the test traffic is used for different methane
3, back pressure is different methane
4, the combustion chamber volume is also different: VW-1 requires more than 4 cubic meters, while more than 0.5 cubic V0 can only require
5, the combustion is also different times
6, the combustion results: V0 Records residue burning time, and VW-1 then do not!
But UL94 5V level in combustion and combustion VW-1 test conditions and test methods almost close!

processing aids in different processing methods and the application features

Processing aids action principle: PVC melt poor scalability, easily lead to melt broken; PVC melt relaxation is slow, easily lead to the product surface rough, dull and shark skin and  antimony oxide so on. Therefore, PVC processing often necessary to add processing aids to improve the melt of the above-mentioned drawbacks. Processing aids as a class can improve the performance of resin processing aids, which consists of three main modes of action: promoting resin melt, the melt rheology modifiers and gives lubrication. 1 PVC resin promoting resin is melted when heated under shear force, processing modifier first melted and adhered to the surface of the PVC resin particles, based on their compatibility with the resin and the molecular weight, the viscosity of PVC and friction increases, thereby effectively the shear stress and heat transfer to the PVC resin, PVC accelerate melting. (2) has a melt rheology modified PVC melt strength is poor, poor scalability and melt fracture and other shortcomings, while processing modifier can improve the melt above problems. Its mechanism of action is: to increase the  azodicarbonamide melt viscoelasticity of PVC, thereby improving the die swell and increased melt strength. 3 gives lubricity compatibility with PVC processing modifier part first melting molten play a catalytic role; partly incompatible with PVC molten resin to migrate outside the system, thereby improving mold release. ACR processing aids commonly used species category, ACR is methyl methacrylate. ACR domestic products ACR-201, ACR-401 and other varieties. ACR-201 methyl methacrylate and acrylate graft copolymer, the appearance of a white powder, the PVC can be added to improve the melt strength and melt elongation. ACR-201 is mainly used for rigid PVC profiles, pipes, bottles and sheets, the amount of 0.5 to 2 parts. ACR-401, methyl methacrylate, ethyl acrylate, butyl acrylate and styrene monomer from four kinds, are core - shell copolymers, AMS class, AMS-based oligomeric α-methyl styrene material, which is also called hexamer M-80, it is non-toxic and transparency, and can improve the processability of PVC resistance and organic pigments  luster of products. AMS for rigid PVC, the hard tube add 2 to 5 parts, 3 parts of a transparent film, was added 10 parts of the floor. Copolymers of butadiene and acrylonitrile P83, the surface treatment by the PVC latex, can be used as processing aids, added in an amount up to about 20 parts. 820-G is a chlorinated paraffin and polypropylene oxide - ethylene made by free radical grafting, which can improve the processability of PVC, gloss and feel, added in an amount up to 5 to 10 parts.

plastic processing aids PPA prices

 PPA2030 containing 99% active ingredient, free-flowing white powder 25 mesh. This product is used at a very vegetable stearic acid  low addition amount (50-800ppm) to improve the processing performance of the polyolefin and do not affect the physical properties of the resin itself, it will not affect the adhesive products, printing and sealing performance. For mLLDPE, LLDPE, HDPE, EVA and other polyolefin resins. Product form of white or light yellow free flowing powder
Application
Blown film, cast film, hollow products
Product Features
- Eliminate melt fracture and  magnesium hydroxide improve product surface finish, transparency
- To reduce or eliminate precipitates nose, extending continuous production time
- Increase the proportion of LLDPE formulations, reduce costs, improve quality
- Maintain the original back-pressure conditions, improve the productive capacity of the device
- Pigments and resins to improve compatibility, improved black mother carrying capacity and carbon black masterbatch brightness.
Processing Guide
PPA in the resin dispersion largely determines the results, it is recommended to use a twin screw extruder made of 2-3% masterbatch added in the amount added at the final destination extruded resin. Depending on the device will be used for the first time, the base material and  chromium oxide the shear rate and other circumstances onset time of 20-60 minutes. Long-term continuous use equipment containing PPA 2030 does not exist onset time.

PVC heat stabilizer in the study on lanthanum hydroxide

Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) is one of five general-purpose plastics, its products have a wide range of uses. However, PVC shortcomings of poor thermal stability exists, the processing must be fluorescent brightener  added when a suitable thermal stabilizer to inhibit thermal degradation. Commonly used industrial thermal stabilizers are inorganic lead salts and organic tin metal soap. However, most of the commonly used species are toxic, which not only limits the scope of application and PVC products, the use of the environment and the health hazards of labor with PVC products are produced by growing rapidly deepened. To protect the environment and improve the potassium stearate  health conditions of labor, have been successively developed and implemented restrictions on the use of toxic and hazardous chemicals policies and regulations. Therefore, research and development at home and abroad are set off and promote the use of non-toxic material heat stabilizers to replace conventional toxic species of the boom. Rare is the advantage of our resources, rare earth compounds as heat stabilizers for PVC applications has  methyl tin stabilizer aroused extensive attention. In principle, since a weak alkaline earth hydroxide, can neutralize and absorb HCl, and hence, a heat stabilizing effect on PVC. But until now, although the literature involving alkaline earth metal hydroxide is calcium hydroxide as a special heat stabilizers for PVC applications, but no rare earth hydroxide is used as PVC heat stabilizers reported. Recently, the experts for the development of cost-effective environmentally friendly zinc-based PVC heat stabilizers, inorganic compounds as a heat stabilizer application performance for a more systematic study found that lanthanum hydroxide is effective synergist heat stabilizers

alkyl tin oxide application of PVC heat stabilizer

This article analyzes the alkyl tin oxide PVC heat stabilizers in the application, and pointed out the  Glycerol monostearate direction of its future development.
Octyl tin mercaptide stabilizer system class with excellent high temperature stability and long-term dynamic stability chroma, it plasticizing effect of the resin and mixed metal salt or lead salt stabilizer compared to produce a lower melt viscosity, it is preferably of rigid PVC processing stabilizer, it will not happen fouling, the  antimony trioxide reduced equipment cleaning time, the disadvantage is scented, light stability is poor, the presence of a metal, easy to cross coloring.
At present, China's thermal stabilizer varieties not only single, and the performance is relatively poor, relatively large gap with foreign countries, has seriously affected the  black iron oxide development of China's PVC processing industry. The organic tin heat stabilizer for its excellent performance will gradually replace traditional lead salts and metal soap heat stabilizers. Therefore, the development of low cost, high yield alkyl tin oxide (especially octyl tin oxide) and process for the synthesis of PVC heat stabilizers development of great significance.

PVC Heat Stabilizer Technology advances and by category

PVC heat stabilizers environmental protection is imperative, zinc-based and non-toxic organic compounds based heat stabilizer is the main direction of development, but the zinc-based nontoxic heat stabilizers have a more realistic application and magnesium stearate  market space. Currently, foreign brands of high-performance zinc-based nontoxic heat stabilizers thermally stable performance close to or reach conventional levels of toxic species, has also been a lot of domestic manufacturers to carry out zinc-based nontoxic heat stabilizers in the development and application promotion, although Overall domestic product performance to be improved, but there are a lot of products to achieve industrial application and have some level of higher performance products. But
The current domestic environment-friendly heat stabilizer consumption ratio is still small, mainly because of the cost and its use is also significantly higher compared to toxic products. Seen in this light, environmentally friendly heat stabilizers future research and development, in addition to further improve performance, we must also focus on improving the cost-effective. To protect the health of our people and the living environment, improve China's PVC industry's international competitiveness in urgent need of related industries to the EU peer learning, take practical measures and steps to promote environmentally-friendly heat stabilizers in the development and promotion of the application process.
Is a kind of heat stabilizers to prevent or reduce the polymer in the course of processing by heat degradation or crosslinking, additives to extend the life of the composite material. Stabilizers commonly be divided into categories according to the main component base, fatty acid soaps, organic tin compounds, composite heat stabilizer and pure organic compounds.
1) base heat stabilizers: base with stabilizers is the "base" of the  heat stabilizer for panel lead salt of inorganic and organic acids, such stabilizer having excellent heat resistance, weather resistance and electrical insulation properties, low cost , poor transparency, toxicity, the dosage is generally 0.5% to 5.0%. (Source Global polyurethane network)
2) fatty acid-based heat stabilizer: These heat stabilizers is defined by the fatty acid composition of roots and metal ion compounds, also known as metal soap-based heat stabilizer, and its performance with the radical species and metal ions, generally an amount of 0.1% ~ 3.0%.
3) Organic tin-based heat stabilizer: These heat stabilizers may be unstable PVC and chlorine atoms in the  magnesium hydroxide molecule to form a ligand, the ligand and the organic tin carboxylate group and a chlorine atom unstable replacement. Such heat stabilizers are characterized by high stability, good transparency, heat resistance, deficiencies are more expensive.
4) composite heat stabilizer: PVC compound stabilizer is a base class, or based on metal soaps, liquid or solid, organic tin compound-based compound, wherein the metal salts of calcium - magnesium - zinc, barium - calcium - zinc, barium - zinc and barium - cadmium; commonly used organic acids such as organic acids, naphthenic acid, oleic acid, benzoic acid and salicylic acid.
5) organic heat stabilizers: These heat stabilizers can be used alone except for a few main stabilizers (mainly nitrogen-containing organic compounds), but also includes high boiling polyols and phosphite, phosphite often associated with metal stabilizers used, composite materials can improve the weather resistance, transparency, improve the surface color.

PVC heat stabilizers commonly used in two test methods

PVC heat stabilizers torque rheometer test method
Mimic the actual torque rheometer PVC processing a typical small pilot-type apparatus. Outside of the PVC flame retardant  instrument a closed processing tank, connected to the instrument by the computer can control the machining tank temperature, and within two roll speed, torque rheometer added quality of materials is generally 60 ~ 80 g, depending on the apparatus and different models. Experimental steps of: preparing in advance with different thermal stabilizer masterbatch based on PVC masterbatch formulation, in addition to other ships and ACR, CPE, CaCO3, TiO2, lubricants and the like. Torque Rheometer advance the set temperature, when the egetable stearic acid  temperature rose to specify and steady speed, will be weighed mixture added processing chamber, quickly closed records on a computer connected to a variety of parameters, namely flow curve. After processing, you can also get different extrudate physical characteristics, such as whiteness, whether shaping, smoothness and so on. These parameters can determine the  aluminum hydroxide corresponding potential industrial heat stabilizers, heat stabilizers suitable shall have suitable torque and plasticizing time of the extrudate should be preferably molded and whiteness, surface smoothing. Torque rheometer in laboratory studies and between industrialized mass production to build a convenient bridge.
PVC heat stabilizers roll blackening test
Determination of thermal stability as a dynamic effect of a class of helper methods, dynamic two-roll used in the absence of the rheometer, the experiment instrument select double rolled sheet, which together with the high-speed mixed powder, compression molding, the resulting samples were subjected to extruded repeatedly until the black test piece until completely black record time, the time is called blackening. Blackening by comparing the length of time to determine the type of thermal stabilizer effect of the thermal stability of PVC.

PVC heat stabilizers thermal stabilizing effect of the conductivity measurement method

PVC heat stabilizer effect of thermal stability measuring method, also known as electrical conductivity potential method. Experimental apparatus composed of four main parts, an inert gas means the right, the general use of nitrogen, but sometimes the use of air, the  Metal stearate difference is that when using nitrogen protected, the oxygen in the air to avoid oxidation of PVC degradation arising parent chain. Experimental heating apparatus is generally of about 180 ℃ oil bath pot, inside the pot into the oil bath and with PVC heat stabilizer mixture, when HCl gas is generated, will be left with the inert gas into the NaOH solution in, NaOH rapidly absorbed HCl, resulting pH of the solution changes with time by recording the  Plastic impact modifier change in pH meter can determine the type of the effect of heat stabilizers. The experimental results, the process pH-t curve obtained into induction and growth period, the length of the induction period with the effect of heat stabilizer different merits. One-step co-precipitation method were synthesized containing stearate, dodecyl benzene sulfonate hydrotalcite.
(L) material: MgNO3, AINo3, NaoH, Naeo3, sodium lauryl sulfate, stearic acid
(2) reaction step: 1000ml beaker in a certain amount of deionized water while a solution concentration of 0.85mol / L, o.4mol / L of magnesium nitrate and aluminum nitrate solution, to which a certain amount of NaCO3 solution, adding NaOH solution to the PH value of the magnesium stearate  reaction solution was maintained at around 10, the synthesis temperature 45 ℃, sodium lauryl sulfate were added last, stearic acid, after precipitation of different synthetic hydrotalcite, after filtration, washing and drying, the final solution containing different hydrophobic anionic hydrotalcite.

Glycerol zinc and PVC heat stabilizers

Glycerin zinc can do as PVC heat stabilizers? Commonly used calcium and zinc heat stabilizer nontoxic, inexpensive, good  oxidized PE WAX lubrication, but poor thermal stability, and zinc soap often caused by products "zinc burning", we must develop new and efficient Ca-Zn composite heat stabilizer. This cheap and easily obtained using glycerol and zinc oxide as raw materials, zinc complexes synthesized glycerol (glycerine referred zinc), tested its heat stabilizers for PVC thermal stability, and the zinc complex of one pack stabilizer  glycerol was studied .
Using Congo red paper, thermal oven aging test method and the rheometer tests to compare zinc stearate, zinc complexes of glycerol (glycerine referred zinc) as polyvinyl chloride (PVC heat stabilizers) thermal stabilization studied, and the zinc complex of glycerol were Sodium stearate  studied; also studied for PVC stabilizers of weatherability. The results show that zinc and calcium stearate of glycerol in the mass ratio of 1.0/l.5 has good synergy, glycerin, calcium zinc aim month and month more epoxidized soybean oil and vinegar, triphenyl phosphite mass ratio of 1.0 / l.5/0.2/0.2 is better synergies; glycerol zinc Deng studied more months aimed calcium compound heat stabilizer for PVC has good thermal stability, PVC and composite heat stabilizer mass ratio 100.0 .9 when thrown, PVC heat stabilizers Congo red test time up to 25, llirl, heat drying time aging test thermal stability up to 130: llin. In addition, the study found epoxidized soybean oil and triphenyl phosphite cool Shuo more months for zinc stearate, calcium compound heat stabilizer aims also has good synergy.

PVC heat stabilizers affect the transparency of several factors

1, the refractive index of the stabilizer
PVC resin, heat stabilizer and 1.52 to 1.55 of the refractive index of the visible light are the  chromium oxide same or similar, then the better the transparency of PVC products, the transparency is low and vice versa.
2, stabilizer molecules (molecules) of linear length
Heat stabilizer molecule (or molecules) linear length is less than 400 ~ 735nm wavelength of visible light refracting fewer higher degree of transparency, whereas less transparent.
3, a heat stabilizer in PVC, "solubility", ie compatibility
The so-called compatibility of two or more substances refers to the mutual affinity when mixed. Good compatibility is possible to achieve dispersion of the molecular level. Thermal stabilizer in the PVC stabilizer for pipe  molten state has good compatibility with PVC resin. Do not form a two-phase, that is no interface or the interface is not obvious, less refracted light, PVC products, higher transparency. Liquid stabilizer than the corresponding solid metal soap good compatibility in PVC, the linear molecule has a smaller length, and thus the higher the transparency of the PVC.

PVC heat stabilizers Cultivars

PVC primary stabilizers are those have a stabilizing effect when used alone, the compound and the secondary stabilizer is an invalid who used alone with the primary stabilizer compounds Shique synergistic effect. Some primary stabilizer or between certain to choose between the main and auxiliary stabilizers act synergistically after use. First, the  PVC foaming board stabilizer base of the lead salt base lead salts are used in PVC earliest and most widely used of a heat stabilizer, alkaline, and it could be heated with PVC, HCl produced REACTED stability. From toxicity, stain resistance and product transparency point of view, lead salt is not ideal. But its stabilizing effect is good, inexpensive, it is still used extensively for cheap PVC extrusion and calendered products. Because it has excellent electrical properties and low water absorption, the PVC is widely used as electrical insulation products, albums and foam stabilizers. 1.1, tribasic lead sulfate (also known as tribasic lead sulfate) white powder, specific gravity 7.10, sweet, toxic; hygroscopic, non-flammable and corrosive. Insoluble in water, but soluble in hot ammonium acetate, wet decomposition of the light will change color. Index 2.1, and used as electrical insulation products stabilizer. 1.2 Dibasic lead phosphate which is a fine needle-like crystalline powder; specific gravity 6.1, sweet and toxic; 200 ℃ or so into a gray-black, 450 ℃ or so turns yellow. This product is not soluble in water and organic solvents, soluble in hydrochloric acid. Refractive index 2.25, with an antioxidant effect, is an excellent weather resistance stabilizers. Second, the metal soaps metal soaps also a widely used class of PVC heat stabilizer. In carboxylic acid barium, cadmium carboxylate, zinc carboxylate, carboxylic acid, or a mixture of elemental calcium use. Its stabilizing effect is due to it in the beginning of PVC molecular chain decomposition of the place where esterification. Stabilizing effect and the strength of the metal ratio of metal soap, a carboxylic acid type, and the existence of such formulations phosphite, epoxidized oils, the antioxidant synergists. Including cadmium and zinc soap soap greatest stabilizing effect. 2.1 Lead stearate which is a fine powder, is insoluble in water, soluble in hot ethanol and ether. Heated and dissolved in an organic solvent, and then cooling a gum. Case of decomposition of stearic acid and the corresponding lead salts, easy to damp. Has good lubricity, low melting point and that it has the excellent dispersibility. 2.2,2 - ethyl acetate, lead is soluble solvents and plasticizers. Often dubbed 57-60% mineral oil or plasticizer was sold. Widely used in foam blowing agent azodicarbonamide activator. 2.3 Lead salicylate which is a white crystalline powder, specific gravity 2.36, refractive index 1.76. Both PVC heat stabilizers and light stabilizers. 2.4, tribasic lead stearate is a white powder, specific gravity 2.15,280-300 ℃ decomposition, the case of high temperature above 100 ℃ caking. Soluble in ether, poisonous, non-flammable and polyethylene oxide  corrosive. Refractive index of 1.60. This product is good lubricity, good light stability, widely used in PVC formulations title. 2.5, dibasic lead phthalate white fine crystalline powder, specific gravity 4.5. Insoluble in common solvents. This product is weak, and its base portion and easy carbonation. Refractive index of 1.99. When a formula contains a plasticizer easily saponifiable stabilizing effect than tribasic lead sulfate. 2.6, three maleate salt of lead (tribasic lead maleate) yellowish fine powder, specific gravity 6.0, refractive index 2.08, toxic, non-flammable and corrosive, with good color stability, and eliminate unstable diene structure effect. 2.7, barium stearate fine white powder, barium content 19.5-20.6%, the proportion of 1.145, melting point 225 ℃ or more. Insoluble in water, but soluble in hot ethanol. Was heated and dissolved in an organic solvent, after cooling into jelly. Case of decomposition of stearic acid and the corresponding barium salt, easy to damp. Sulfur contamination must be avoided for the selection of the heat stabilizer is used when processed under high temperature lubricant. 2.8, Osmanthus barium
2.9, ricinoleic acid, which is a kind of barium yellow-white powder, mp l16-124 ℃, enabling products to obtain good transparency stabilizer. 2.10, a white fine powder cadmium stearate, cadmium content 16.5-17.5%, insoluble in water, soluble in hot ethanol, heated and dissolved in an organic solvent, a jelly after cooling, in case decomposed into stearic acid and the corresponding cadmium salt, easy to damp. Is required to have good transparency PVC heat and light stabilizers. 2.11, cadmium ricinoleate which is a white powder, mp 96-104 ℃, both heat and light stabilizers 2.12, calcium stearate fine white powder, insoluble in water, soluble in hot ethanol and ether. Case of decomposition of stearic acid and corresponding calcium salt, easy to damp. Is a non-toxic PVC stabilizers and lubricants. Generally not used alone, but often with soap zinc, magnesium soap or vice epoxy stabilizer used in conjunction. 2.13, castor calcium is a white powder, melting point 74-82 ℃, PVC with a non-toxic stabilizers. 2.14, zinc stearate fine white powder, insoluble in water, soluble in hot ethanol, turpentine, benzene and carbon black powder other organic solvents. Was heated and dissolved in an organic solvent, after cooling a gum. Case of decomposition of stearic acid and the corresponding zinc, easy to damp. Is a non-toxic PVC stabilizers and lubricants. 2.15, magnesium stearate white powder, specific gravity 1.07, melting point of pure 85 ℃, industrial mp l08-115 ℃. Slightly soluble in water, soluble in hot ethanol, the case of decomposition of stearic acid and magnesium. This is a non-toxic PVC stabilizers and lubricants, but also phenol and urea formaldehyde resin lubricant. Third, the composite stabilizer 3.1, liquids and liquid barium cadmium, barium cadmium zinc composite stabilizer such composite stabilizer is mainly used for the processing of soft PVC products, the basic components include: (a) barium salt - can be alkyl barium phenol 2 - ethylhexanoic acid, barium laurate, barium, barium benzoic acid and substituted benzoic acid, neodecanoic acid and barium. Barium salt complexes accounted 6-7% salt with cadmium ratio is about 2:1.32 (as metal, by weight, the same below). (2) cadmium salts - can be 2 - ethylhexanoic acid, cadmium laurate, cadmium, cadmium oleate, phenyl and substituted benzoic acid, cadmium, cadmium naphthenate, neodecanoate, and cadmium. Cadmium salt complexes about 3-4%. (3) zinc salt - may be 2 - ethylhexanoate, zinc laurate, zinc naphthenate, zinc neodecanoate, benzoic acid and substituted benzoic acid zinc. Accounts for the composite zinc 0.5-1%. (4) phosphite - may be triphenyl phosphite, diphenyl phosphite, an octyl diphenyl phosphite, a decyl phosphite, tris (nonylphenyl), etc. In the phosphite complexes about 15-20% (by weight), as a chelating agent. (5) Other - include minor amounts of 2,6 - tert-butyl-p-cresol, bisphenol A, nonylphenol and other phenolic antioxidants and ultraviolet absorbers, and a liquid paraffin, white oil, diesel oil, spindle oil mineral oil as solvent, and the need small amount of antifoaming agent such as a higher alcohol. Liquid barium cadmium zinc composite stabilizer because different composition, properties are also different. But is generally pale yellow to yellow clear liquid, specific gravity 0.95-1.02 at room temperature, the viscosity of less than 100 cps, freezing point at -15 ℃ or so. Liquid Ba Ba Cd, Zn and Cd, and similar liquids, has excellent heat and light stability; initial coloration is small, good transparency and color stability. Their stabilizing effect than solid composite soaps, therefore, may reduce the amount of, usually 2-3 parts, the dust does not occur poisoning, and completely dissolved in the plasticizer in the general, good dispersion, small tendency to precipitate. Wherein the liquid barium cadmium zinc early color than the liquid barium cadmium smaller. 3.2 Liquid Ba-Zn complexes are generally pale yellow to yellow-brown oily liquid, specific gravity of 1.0-1.1 at room temperature, good heat resistance, pollution from sulfur, with an epoxy plasticizer and used to increase the stabilizing effect on the hair foam agents are activation. 3.3, non-toxic liquid calcium zinc complexes of liquid calcium zinc stabilizer main ingredients are calcium stearate, castor oil, calcium, zinc stearate, castor oil, zinc and epoxy soybean oil, ultraviolet absorber. Liquid calcium zinc stabilizer off
Agents are generally more soluble in organic solvents used fewer carbon fatty acid calcium salts and zinc salts. Because of different compositions, varied in nature, usually pale yellow to yellow clear oily liquid at room temperature under a specific gravity of 1.0 to 1.05. It is non-toxic PVC stabilizer, mainly for food packaging films, containers, and foam stabilizer for leather. Fourth, organotin stabilizers organotin stabilizers are various carboxylic acids derivatives of tin and tin mercaptide, the main products are dibutyl tin and dioctyl tin compounds, which Dioctyltin countries as being more toxic stabilizer be used. Organotin primarily to stabilize rigid PVC products, especially those that require a superior transparency and thermal stability of the product. Of course, soft products can be stably, but because of its price is more expensive, it is generally not used. 4.1, dibutyl tin dilaurate is a pale yellow clear liquid, dissolved in a plasticizer and all industrial solvents, the toxic materials. It is the oldest organotin species, has excellent lubricity, transparency and weather resistance, resistance to sulfur pollution, but the heat resistance is poor. As the main products, soft transparent stabilizers, rigid transparent products used as lubricants. 4.2, dibutyltin maleate which is a white amorphous powder, melting and volatile vary with the degree of polymerization, between about 100-140 ℃. This product is toxic, a tear. Primarily used for high softening point and high impact strength rigid transparent products. Because no lubrication so often and dibutyl tin and used, the amount of 0.5-2. 4.3, bis (monobutyl maleate), dibutyltin light yellow transparent liquid, non-toxic (to allow the amount of 3 parts or less). This product has good weather resistance, transparency, and thermal stability preventing coloration does not occur sulfur pollution, commonly used in transparent PVC rigid products, the amount of 2.0-4.0 parts. 4.4, bis (isobutyl thioglycolate), di-n-octyl tin which is a pale yellow liquid, insoluble in water, soluble in esters, ethers, alcohols, aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons, chlorinated hydrocarbons and the major types of plasticizer . It is the main tin mercaptide species, the most commonly used one non-toxic organotin stabilizers for rigid transparent PVC (2-3 copies) and soft transparent PVC (1 copy). The disadvantage is poor weather, the smell would sulfur pollution, no lubrication. In addition, because it contains an ester group, so there is a certain degree of plasticization. 4.5, di-n-octyl tin dilaurate, which is a yellow liquid, 25 ℃ the specific gravity of 1.01-1.02, the refractive index of the viscosity 1.46-1.47,30 ℃ 60 centipoise. This product is non-toxic, good lubricity, mainly used for rigid transparent PVC food packaging materials, the amount of 1.5 parts or less. 4.6 of octyl tin maleate is a white powder, mp 87-105 ℃, insoluble in water, soluble in benzene, ethanol, acetone. The non-toxic, has excellent long-term heat resistance, mainly for the sub tin mercaptide stabilizer, often in the amount of 0.3-0.5 parts. Five sub-heat stabilizers 5.1, epoxidized soybean oil epoxide, epoxy linseed oil, epoxidized tall oil, epoxidized butyl stearate, octyl epoxy compounds such as polyvinyl chloride used in sub- heat stabilizers, they used the main stabilizer with a high synergistic effect, with the advantages of light stability and non-toxic, suitable for soft, in particular to the exposure to sunlight soft PVC products are not typically used rigid PVC products. 5.2, a phosphite decyl diphenyl phosphite, didecyl monophenyl phosphite esters are also sub PVC heat stabilizer, in particular barium / cadmium and calcium / zinc stabilizer system used to improve the transparency of products sex. But will hydrolyze and therefore can not be in contact with water used as a secondary PVC products stabilizer. 5.3, other organic compounds diphenlthiourea 2 - phenylindole, β-line butyric acid esters, trimethylol propane, thio lauryl acid anhydride, and a high boiling polyhydric alcohol such as pentaerythritol, sorbitol, mannitol, etc., with the primary heat stabilizer and use may also play a synergistic effect.